Volume 26, Number 8—August 2020
Synopsis
Characteristics and Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease Patients under Nonsurge Conditions, Northern California, USA, March–April 2020
Table 1
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of persons with COVID-19, northern California, 2020*
| Characteristic | COVID-19 patients |
OR (95% CI) or p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All, n = 72 | Non-ICU, n = 51 | ICU, n = 21 | ||
| Median age, y (IQR) |
60.4 (43.4–70.6) |
61.7 (46.6–72.9) |
57.6 (42.2–70.1) |
0.39 |
| Sex, no. (%) | ||||
| M | 38 (52.8) | 25 (49.0) | 13 (61.9) | 1.68 (0.54–5.54) |
| F |
34 (47.2) |
26 (51.0) |
8 (38.1) |
|
| Race/ethnicity, no. (%) | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 22 (30.6) | 13 (25.5) | 9 (42.9) | 2.54 (0.54–14.07) |
| Asian | 20 (27.8) | 13 (25.5) | 7 (33.3) | 0.58 (0.12–2.17) |
| Black | 4 (5.6) | 3 (5.9) | 1 (4.8) | 1.24 (0.02–21.44) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 19 (26.4) | 15 (29.4) | 4 (19.0) | Referent |
| Other | 2 (2.8) | 2 (3.9) | 0 | NP |
| Unknown |
5 (6.9) |
5 (9.8) |
0 |
NP |
| Smoking history, no. (%) | ||||
| Ever | 17 (27.4) | 11 (25.6) | 6 (31.6) | 1.34 (0.33–5.0) |
| Never |
45 (72.6) |
32 (74.4) |
13 (68.4) |
|
| Housing, no. (%) | ||||
| Stable, with others in the home | 51 (70.8) | 37 (72.5) | 14 (66.7) | 0.85 (0.22–3.21) |
| SN/LTACH facility | 8 (11.1) | 6 (11.8) | 2 (9.5) | |
| Group home | 3 (4.2) | 3 (5.8) | 0 | |
| Stable, living alone | 1 (1.4) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | |
| Unstable | 1 (1.4) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | |
| Unknown |
8 (11.1) |
5 (9.8) |
3 (14.3) |
|
| Sick contacts, no. (%) | ||||
| Confirmed COVID-19 | 25 (34.7) | 16 (31.4) | 9 (42.9) | 2.08 (0.72–6.00)† |
| PUI contact | 14 (19.4) | 9 (17.6) | 5 (23.8) | |
| None |
33 (45.8) |
26 (51.0) |
7 (33.3) |
|
| Preexisting concurrent conditions, no. (%) | ||||
| Obesity | ||||
| BMI >30 | 24 (36.4) | 14 (30.4) | 10 (50.0) | 2.26 (0.68–7.67) |
| BMI <30 | 42 (63.6) | 32 (69.6) | 10 (50.0) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Any | 43 (59.7) | 28 (54.9) | 15 (71.4) | 2.03 (0.62–7.47) |
| Hypertension | 26 (36.1) | 15 (29.4) | 11 (52.4) | 2.60 (0.81–8.54) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 25 (34.7) | 17 (33.3) | 8 (38.1) | 1.23 (0.36–3.96) |
| Diabetes | 20 (27.8) | 10 (19.6) | 10 (47.6) | 3.65 (1.07–12.84) |
| Chronic kidney disease‡ | 9 (12.5) | 7 (13.7) | 2 (9.5) | 0.67 (0.06–3.95) |
| Coronary artery disease§ | 7 (9.7) | 5 (9.8) | 2 (9.5) | 0.97 (0.09–6.58) |
| Arrhythmia | 6 (8.3) | 3 (5.9) | 3 (14.3) | 2.63 (0.32–21.55) |
| Heart failure | 5 (6.9) | 4 (7.8) | 1 (4.8) | 0.59 (0.01–6.48) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2 (2.8) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (4.8) | 2.46 (0.03–199.75) |
| Other | 6 (8.3) | 6 (11.8) | 0 | NP |
| Pulmonary disease | ||||
| Any | 19 (26.4) | 15 (29.4) | 4 (19.0) | 0.56 (0.16–1.96) |
| COPD/asthma | 10 (13.9) | 7 (13.7) | 3 (14.3) | |
| Other¶ | 10 (13.9) | 9 (17.6) | 1 (4.8) | |
| Immunocompromise# |
6 (8.3) |
5 (9.8) |
1 (4.8) |
0.46 (0.01–4.55) |
| Preadmission medications, no. (%) | ||||
| Cardiovascular medication | ||||
| Any | 30 (41.7) | 20 (39.2) | 10 (47.6) | 1.40 (0.44–4.42) |
| Statin | 17 (23.6) | 10 (19.6) | 7 (33.3) | 2.03 (0.54–7.32) |
| CCB | 13 (18.1) | 8 (15.7) | 5 (23.8) | 1.67 (0.37–6.85) |
| Beta-blocker | 9 (12.5) | 6 (11.8) | 3 (14.3) | 1.25 (0.18–6.63) |
| Diuretic | 9 (12.5) | 7 (13.7) | 2 (9.5) | 0.67 (0.06–3.95 |
| ARB | 8 (11.1) | 4 (7.8) | 4 (19.0) | 2.72 (0.45–16.39) |
| ACE-1 | 5 (6.9) | 2 (3.9) | 3 (14.3) | 3.99 (0.42–51.42) |
| Digoxin | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.0) | 0 | NP |
| Other | 3 (4.2) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (9.5) | NP |
| Inhaled respiratory medication | 21 (29.2) | 13 (25.5) | 8 (38.1) | 1.78 (0.52–5.97) |
| Steroid inhaler | 13 (18.1) | 8 (15.7) | 5 (23.8) | |
| Tiotropium | 9 (12.5) | 6 (11.8) | 3 (14.3) | |
| LABA | 8 (11.1) | 4 (7.8) | 4 (19.0) | |
| SABA | 5 (6.9) | 2 (3.9) | 3 (14.3) | |
| Immunosuppressant | ||||
| Oral glucocorticoids | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.0) | 0 | NP |
| Other** | 6 (8.3) | 5 (9.8) | 1 (4.8) | 0.46 (0.01–4.55) |
| Azithromycin | 20 (27.8) | 14 (27.5) | 6 (28.6) | 0.95 (0.27– 3.59) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 2 (2.8) | 2 (3.9) | 0 | NP |
*ACE-I, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CCB, calcium channel blocker; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; LABA, long-acting inhaled β-agonist, LTAC, long-term acute care; NP, test not performed; PUI, person under investigation; SABA, short-acting inhaled β-agonist; SNF, skilled nursing.
†Compares confirmed COVID-19 contact or PUI contact with no sick contact.
‡Comprises 1 patient on outpatient hemodialysis and 8 patients not on hemodialysis.
§Any history of coronary artery bypass surgery, coronary artery stenting, or clinical diagnosis of coronary artery disease according to the electronic medical record.
¶Cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea.
#Active malignancy, history of solid organ transplantation, or autoimmune disease.
**Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, imatinib, lenalidomide, regorafenib, and paclitaxel.
1These authors contributed equally to this article.