Volume 26, Number 8—August 2020
Synopsis
Characteristics and Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease Patients under Nonsurge Conditions, Northern California, USA, March–April 2020
Table 3
Complications, interventions, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients, northern California, 2020*
| Variable | COVID-19 patients |
p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All, n = 72 | Non-ICU, n = 51 | ICU, n = 21 | ||
| Complications, no. (%) | ||||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 13 (18.0) | 0 | 13 (61.9) | NP |
| Arrhythmia† | 6 (8.3) | 0 | 6 (28.6) | |
| Ventilator- or hospital-associated pneumonia | 5 (6.9) | 0 | 5 (23.8) | |
| Acute kidney injury | 4 (5.6) | 0 | 4 (19.0) | |
| Catheter-related bloodstream infection | 2 (2.8) | 0 | 2 (9.5) | |
| Cardiomyopathy‡ |
2 (2.8) |
0 |
2 (9.5) |
|
| Highest level of oxygen support required, no. (%) | ||||
| None | 29 (40.3) | 28 (54.9) | 1 (4.8) | Referent |
| Oxygen by nasal cannula | 22 (30.6) | 21 (41.2) | 1 (4.8) | 1.0 |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 2 (2.8) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0.13 |
| Nonrebreather mask | 6 (8.3) | 1 (2.0) | 5 (23.8) | <0.05 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 13 (18.1) | 0 | 13 (61.9) | NP |
| Median duration of mechanical ventilation, d§ (IQR) |
NP |
17 (13–29) |
NP |
|
| Interventions, no. (%) | ||||
| Use of a paralytic agent | 7 (9.7) | 0 | 7 (33.3) | NP |
| Use of proning | 6 (8.3) | 1 (2.0) | 5 (23.8) | |
| Tracheostomy | 6 (8.3) | 0 | 6 (28.6) | |
| Use of vasopressors | 13 (18.1) | 0 | 13 (61.9) | |
| Use of renal replacement therapy¶ | 4 (5.6) | 0 | 4 (19.0) | |
| Inhaled nitric oxide |
4 (5.6) |
0 |
4 (19.0) |
|
| Treatment, no. (%) | ||||
| Azithromycin | 33 (45.8) | 19 (37.3) | 14 (66.7) | <0.05 |
| Remdesivir | 32 (44.4) | 15 (29.4) | 16 (76.2) | <0.05 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 16 (22.2) | 11 (21.6) | 5 (23.8) | 1.0 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids | 5 (6.9) | 3 (5.9) | 2 (9.5) | 0.63 |
| Tocilizumab | 4 (5.6) | 0 | 4 (19.0) | <0.05 |
| Other# | 11 (15.3) | 8 (15.7) | 3 (14.3) | NP |
| Any antimicrobial drug | 48 (66.7) | 28 (54.9) | 19 (90.5) | <0.05 |
| Any antifungal drug |
1 (1.4) |
0 |
1 (4.8) |
0.29 |
| Median length of stay,** d (IQR) | ||||
| Hospitalization | 7.5 (4–13) | 5 (3–9) | 17 (11–30) | |
| ICU |
NP |
NP |
12 (5–28) |
|
| Disposition, no. (%) | ||||
| Discharged from hospital | ||||
| Home | 53 (73.6) | 43 (84.3) | 10 (47.6) | 0.35†† |
| SN/LTAC facility | 9 (12.5) | 5 (9.8) | 4 (19.0) | |
| Died or discharged with hospice | 6 (8.3) | 3 (5.9) | 3 (14.3) | |
| Remains hospitalized | 4 (5.6) | 0 | 4 (19.0) | |
*COVID-19, coronavirus disease; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; LTAC, long-term acute care; NP, test not performed; SN, skilled nursing.
†Includes 2 atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, 2 supraventricular tachycardia, 2 bradycardia.
‡New ejection fraction <50% after previously normal ejection fraction on echocardiogram in the preceding 2 y and/or >10% decrease in ejection fraction from baseline.
§Includes 1 patient who remained on mechanical ventilation at discharge to LTAC facility on April 7, 2020.
¶Newly requiring renal replacement therapy during admission.
#Zinc, n = 11; leronlimab, n = 1.
**Length of stay includes 4 patients who remained hospitalized on the study end date with censoring date of May 2, 2020.
††Comparison of death or discharged with hospice in ICU and non-ICU patients (Fisher exact test).
1These authors contributed equally to this article.