Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 27, Number 11—November 2021
Research

Hepatitis A Virus Incidence Rates and Biomarker Dynamics for Plasma Donors, United States

Stephanie Schoch, Martin Wälti, Mathias Schemmerer, Rick Alexander, Björn Keiner, Carol Kralicek, Keith Bycholski, Kelley Hyatt, Jon Knowles, Denis KlochkovComments to Author , Toby Simon, Jürgen J. Wenzel, Nathan J. Roth, and Eleonora Widmer
Author affiliations: CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland (S. Schoch, M. Wälti, D. Klochkov, N.J. Roth, E. Widmer); University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (M. Schemmerer, J.J. Wenzel); CSL Plasma, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA (R. Alexander); CSL Behring GmbH, Marburg, Germany (B. Keiner); CSL Plasma, Boca Raton, Florida, USA (K. Bycholski, K. Hyatt, J. Knowles, T. Simon); CSL Plasma, Dallas, Texas, USA (C. Kralicek)

Main Article

Figure 3

Geographic distribution of CDC-reported HAV outbreak cases, United States, as of February 2021, showing state-reported HAV outbreak cases as listed on the CDC website for the current outbreak since August 2016 (7). Outbreak-associated status is determined at state level in accordance with the respective outbreak case definition for each state. Therefore, HAV cases not classified as outbreak-associated are probably not captured in CDC data. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HAV, hepatitis A virus.

Figure 3. Geographic distribution of CDC-reported HAV outbreak cases, United States, as of February 2021, showing state-reported HAV outbreak cases as listed on the CDC website for the current outbreak since August 2016 (7). Outbreak-associated status is determined at state level in accordance with the respective outbreak case definition for each state. Therefore, HAV cases not classified as outbreak-associated are probably not captured in CDC data. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HAV, hepatitis A virus.

Main Article

References
  1. Hollinger  FB, Martin  A. Hepatitis A virus. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields virology, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013. p.550–81.
  2. Martin  A, Lemon  SM, Hepatitis  A. Hepatitis A virus: from discovery to vaccines. Hepatology. 2006;43(Suppl 1):S16472. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Feng  Z, Hensley  L, McKnight  KL, Hu  F, Madden  V, Ping  L, et al. A pathogenic picornavirus acquires an envelope by hijacking cellular membranes. Nature. 2013;496:36771. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Asher  LV, Binn  LN, Mensing  TL, Marchwicki  RH, Vassell  RA, Young  GD. Pathogenesis of hepatitis A in orally inoculated owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus). J Med Virol. 1995;47:2608. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis surveillance—United States, 2015 [cited 2020 Sep 5]. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/SurveillanceRpts.htm
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis Surveillance—United States, 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 5]. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/SurveillanceRpts.htm
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Widespread outbreaks of hepatitis A across the United States [cited 2021 Mar 4]. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/2017March-HepatitisA.htm
  8. Yin  S, Barker  L, Ly  KN, Kilmer  G, Foster  MA, Drobeniuc  J, et al. Susceptibility to hepatitis A virus infection in the United States, 2007–2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:e5719. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. World Health Organization. The immunological basis for immunization series: module 18: hepatitis A. 2019, 1–68 [cited 2021 Aug 2]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326501/97892516327-eng.pdf
  10. Foster  M, Ramachandran  S, Myatt  K, Donovan  D, Bohm  S, Fiedler  J, et al. Hepatitis A virus outbreaks associated with drug use and homelessness—California, Kentucky, Michigan, and Utah, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:120810. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. European Pharmacopeia. Human plasma for fractionation (monograph 853) [cited 2021 Aug 2]. https://pharmacopoeia.ru/en/fs-3-3-2-0001-15-plazma-cheloveka-dlya-fraktsionirovaniya
  12. Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association. International quality plasma program standards on donor health and donor management [cited 2021 Aug 2]. https://www.pptaglobal.org/safety-quality/standards/iqpp
  13. Gowland  P, Fontana  S, Niederhauser  C, Taleghani  BM. Molecular and serologic tracing of a transfusion-transmitted hepatitis A virus. Transfusion. 2004;44:155561. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Marosevic  D, Belting  A, Schönberger  K, Carl  A, Wenzel  JJ, Brey  R. Hepatitis A outbreak in the general population due to a MSM-associated HAV genotype linked to a food handler, November 2017 – February 2018, Germany. Food Environ Virol. 2019;11:14956. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Foster  MA, Hofmeister  MG, Kupronis  BA, Lin  Y, Xia  GL, Yin  S, et al. Increase in hepatitis A virus infections—United States, 2013–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:4135. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Gallian  P, Barlet  V, Mouna  L, Gross  S, Lecam  S, Ricard  C, et al. Hepatitis A: an epidemiological survey in blood donors, France 2015 to 2017. Euro Surveill. 2018;23:1800237. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Weimer  T, Streichert  S, Watson  C, Gröner  A. Hepatitis A virus prevalence in plasma donations. J Med Virol. 2002;67:46971. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Bower  WA, Nainan  OV, Han  X, Margolis  HS. Duration of viremia in hepatitis A virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2000;182:127. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Johnston  DE. Special considerations in interpreting liver function tests. Am Fam Physician. 1999;59:222330.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Tong  MJ, el-Farra  NS, Grew  MI. Clinical manifestations of hepatitis A: recent experience in a community teaching hospital. J Infect Dis. 1995;171(Suppl 1):S158. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. European Medicines Agency. Guideline on plasma-derived medicinal products (EMA/CHMP/BWP/706271/2010). Effective date: February 1, 2012 [cited 2021 Aug 2]. https://pdf4pro.com/view/guideline-on-plasma-derived-medicinal-products-2324eb.html
  22. Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association. QSEAL NAT Testing Standard (version 2.0). Effective date: June 13, 2013 [cited 2021 Aug 2]. https://www.pptaglobal.org/safety-quality/standards/qseal
  23. Friesema  IH, Sonder  GJ, Petrignani  MW, Meiberg  AE, van Rijckevorsel  GG, Ruijs  WL, et al. Spillover of a hepatitis A outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) to the general population, the Netherlands, 2017. Euro Surveill. 2018;23:1800265. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Cohen  JI, Ticehurst  JR, Feinstone  SM, Rosenblum  B, Purcell  RH. Hepatitis A virus cDNA and its RNA transcripts are infectious in cell culture. J Virol. 1987;61:30359. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Costafreda  MI, Abbasi  A, Lu  H, Kaplan  G. Exosome mimicry by a HAVCR1-NPC1 pathway of endosomal fusion mediates hepatitis A virus infection. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5:1096106. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Ott  JJ, Wiersma  ST. Single-dose administration of inactivated hepatitis A vaccination in the context of hepatitis A vaccine recommendations. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17:e93944. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Garner-Spitzer  E, Kundi  M, Rendi-Wagner  P, Winkler  B, Wiedermann  G, Holzmann  H, et al. Correlation between humoral and cellular immune responses and the expression of the hepatitis A receptor HAVcr-1 on T cells after hepatitis A re-vaccination in high and low-responder vaccinees. Vaccine. 2009;27:197204. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Yoshikawa  A, Gotanda  Y, Itabashi  M, Minegishi  K, Kanemitsu  K, Nishioka  K. Hepatitis B NAT virus-positive blood donors in the early and late stages of HBV infection: analyses of the window period and kinetics of HBV DNA. Vox Sang. 2005;88:7786. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Ribeiro  RM, Qin  L, Chavez  LL, Li  D, Self  SG, Perelson  AS. Estimation of the initial viral growth rate and basic reproductive number during acute HIV-1 infection. J Virol. 2010;84:6096102. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Busch  MP, Giachetti  C, Gallarda  J, Mimms  LT, Peddada  L, Charles  H, et al. Dynamics of HCV viremia during early HCV infection: Implications for minipool vs. individual donation nucleic acid amplification testing. Transfusion. 2000;40:S25.
  31. Weusten  JJ, van Drimmelen  HA, Lelie  PN. Mathematic modeling of the risk of HBV, HCV, and HIV transmission by window-phase donations not detected by NAT. Transfusion. 2002;42:53748. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Qu  L, Lemon  SM. Hepatitis A and hepatitis C viruses: divergent infection outcomes marked by similarities in induction and evasion of interferon responses. Semin Liver Dis. 2010;30:31932. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: August 02, 2021
Page updated: October 19, 2021
Page reviewed: October 19, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external