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Volume 27, Number 5—May 2021
Research

Epidemiologic History and Genetic Diversity Origins of Chikungunya and Dengue Viruses, Paraguay

Tiago Gräf1, Cynthia Vazquez1, Marta Giovanetti1, Fernanda de Bruycker-Nogueira1, Vagner Fonseca1, Ingra Morales Claro, Jaqueline Goes de Jesus, Andrea Gómez, Joilson Xavier, Marcos Cesar Lima de Mendonça, Shirley Villalba, Juan Torales, Maria Liz Gamarra, Julien Thézé, Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis, Vasco Azevedo, Tulio de Oliveira, Leticia Franco, Carlos F. Campelo de Albuquerque, Sandra Irala, Edward Charles Holmes, Jairo Andrés Méndez RicoComments to Author , and Luiz Carlos Junior AlcantaraComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (T. Gräf, J.G. de Jesus); Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (C. Vazquez, M. Giovanetti, F. de Bruycker-Nogueira, V. Fonseca, J. Xavier, M.C.L. de Mendonça, A.M. Bispo de Filippis, L.C.J. Alcantara); Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Asunción, Paraguay (C. Vazquez, A. Gómez, S. Villalba, J. Torales, M.L. Gamarra); Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (M. Giovanetti, V. Fonseca, J. Xavier, V. Azevedo, L.C.J. Alcantara); University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (V. Fonseca, T. de Oliveira); Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (I.M. Claro); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (J. Thézé); University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (T. de Oliveira); Organización Panamericana de la Salud /Organización Mundial de la Salud, Panama City, Panama (L. Franco); Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil (C.F. Campelo de Albuquerque); Dirección General de Vigilancia de la Salud Paraguay, Asunción (S. Irala); The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia E.C. Holmes); Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA (J.A.M. Rico)

Main Article

Figure 4

Dengue virus (DENV) outbreaks in Paraguay during 2015–2018 and tMCRA of serotypes 1 and 4. A) Total cases of DENV infections reported by epidemiologic week in the departments from which genome sequences were available. The black bars in 2018 delimit the sampling time range for the DENV genomes. B) tMRCA for DENV-1 and DENV-4 in the same timescale as the number of cases reported. Violin plots show 95% CIs; internal boxplots show medians and interquartile ranges. tMCRA, time to most recent common ancestor.

Figure 4. Dengue virus (DENV) outbreaks in Paraguay during 2015–2018 and tMCRA of serotypes 1 and 4. A) Total cases of DENV infections reported by epidemiologic week in the departments from which genome sequences were available. The black bars in 2018 delimit the sampling time range for the DENV genomes. B) tMRCA for DENV-1 and DENV-4 in the same timescale as the number of cases reported. Violin plots show 95% CIs; internal boxplots show medians and interquartile ranges. tMCRA, time to most recent common ancestor.

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: March 09, 2021
Page updated: April 20, 2021
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