Volume 27, Number 8—August 2021
Research
Costs and Outcomes of Integrated Human African Trypanosomiasis Surveillance System Using Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Table 1
District and type of facility | Before the intervention |
After the intervention |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serologic screening* | Parasitologic diagnosis† | Serologic screening | Parasitologic diagnosis | ||
Mosango | |||||
Hospital‡ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
Health center |
17 |
2 |
|||
Yasa Bonga | |||||
Hospital | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |
Health center |
1 |
1 |
25 |
4 |
|
Total | 5 | 5 | 48 | 11 |
*Sleeping sickness rapid diagnostic tests †Lymph gland puncture, mini anion exchange centrifugation test, and lumbar puncture. ‡Reference or secondary hospital.
References
- Büscher P, Cecchi G, Jamonneau V, Priotto G. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet. 2017;390:2397–409. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- World Health Organization. Factsheets: Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness) [cited 2019 Apr 11]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness)
- Franco JR, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Jannin JG. Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:257–75.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine en République Démocratique Du Congo. Database HAT cases: 2013–2017. Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo): The Programme; 2017.
- Mitashi P, Hasker E, Mbo F, Van Geertruyden J-P, Kaswa M, Lumbala C, et al. Integration of diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness in primary healthcare facilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:98–105. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Franco JR, Cecchi G, Priotto G, Paone M, Diarra A, Grout L, et al. Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Update to 2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:
e0006890 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Checchi F, Funk S, Chandramohan D, Chappuis F, Haydon DT. The impact of passive case detection on the transmission dynamics of gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:
e0006276 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - World Health Organization. Human African trypanosomiasis: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment [cited 2019 Apr 8]. https://www.who.int/trypanosomiasis_african/diagnosis/en
- European Medcines Agency Commitee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Assessment report: fexinidazole Winthrop [cited 2018 Nov 15]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/medicine-outside-eu/fexinidazole-winthrop-assessment-report_en-0.pdf
- Criel B, De Brouwere V, Dugas S. Integration of vertical programmes in multi-function health services. Studies in Health Services Organisation and Policy. 1997;3:1–48.
- Stasse S, Vita D, Kimfuta J, da Silveira VC, Bossyns P, Criel B. Improving financial access to health care in the Kisantu district in the Democratic Republic of Congo: acting upon complexity. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:25480. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pepin J, Guern C, Milord F, Bokelo M. [Integration of African human trypanosomiasis control in a network of multipurpose health centers] [in French]. Bull World Health Organ. 1989;67:301–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lumbala C, Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Paone M, Franco JR, Kande Betu Ku Mesu V, et al. Human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: disease distribution and risk. Int J Health Geogr. 2015;14:20. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Büscher P, Gilleman Q, Lejon V. Rapid diagnostic test for sleeping sickness. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1069–70. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wamboga C, Matovu E, Bessell PR, Picado A, Biéler S, Ndung’u JM. Enhanced passive screening and diagnosis for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in north-western Uganda - Moving towards elimination. PLoS One. 2017;12:
e0186429 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Lee SJ, Palmer JJ. Integrating innovations: a qualitative analysis of referral non-completion among rapid diagnostic test-positive patients in Uganda’s human African trypanosomiasis elimination programme. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;7:84. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bessell PR, Lumbala C, Lutumba P, Baloji S, Biéler S, Ndung’u JM. Cost-effectiveness of using a rapid diagnostic test to screen for human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One. 2018;13:
e0204335 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Mubwa Mungwele N. Rapport narratif annuel des données annuelles 2018: Yasa Bonga; 2019 [cited 2019 Aug 27]. https://sante.gouv.cd/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/RAPPORT-ANNUEL-ZS-BONGA-YASA-2018.pdf
- Rock KS, Torr SJ, Lumbala C, Keeling MJ. Predicting the impact of intervention strategies for sleeping sickness in two high-endemicity health zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:
e0005162 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - World Health Organization. Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis. 2013 [cited 2019 Aug 27 ]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/95732
- Checchi F, Filipe JAN, Barrett MP, Chandramohan D. The natural progression of Gambiense sleeping sickness: what is the evidence? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2:
e303 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - World Health Organization. Report of a WHO meeting on elimination of African trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense), Geneva, 3–5 December 2012. 2013 [cited 2019 Aug 8]. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79689/1/WHO_HTM_NTD_IDM_2013.4_eng.pdf
- Steinmann P, Stone CM, Sutherland CS, Tanner M, Tediosi F. Contemporary and emerging strategies for eliminating human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: review. [review]. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:707–18. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine en République Démocratique Du Congo. Déclaration de la politique de lutte contre la trypanosomiasis humaine Africaine en République Démocratique Du Congo. Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo): The Programme; 2015.
- Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Franco JR, Paone M, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, et al. Mapping the capacities of fixed health facilities to cover people at risk of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Int J Health Geogr. 2014;13:4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chenge MF. De la nécessité d’adapter le modèle de district sanitaire au contexte urbain: exemple de la ville de Lubumbashi en RD Congo [dissertation]. Antwerp: Institute of Tropical Medicine; 2013 [cited 2019 Aug 27]. http://dspace.itg.be/handle/10390/7467
- des Impôts DG, Du Congo RD. Ordonnance-loi n°001/2012 du 21 septembre 2012 modifiant et completant certaines dispositions de l’ordonnance-loi n° 10/001 du 20 aout 2012 portant institution de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutee [cited 2019 Aug 27]. http://www.dgi.gouv.cd/index.php/fr/lois
- Severens JL, Milne RJ. Discounting health outcomes in economic evaluation: the ongoing debate. Value Health. 2004;7:397–401. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lutumba P, Makieya E, Shaw A, Meheus F, Boelaert M. Human African trypanosomiasis in a rural community, Democratic Republic of Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:248–54. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Simarro PP, Franco J, Diarra A, Postigo JA, Jannin J. Update on field use of the available drugs for the chemotherapy of human African trypanosomiasis. Parasitology. 2012;139:842–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- World Health Organization. Estimates of unit costs for patient services for Democratic Republic of the Congo [cited 2019 Oct 12]. https://www.who.int/choice/country/cod/cost/en
- Babokhov P, Sanyaolu AO, Oyibo WA, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Iriemenam NC. A current analysis of chemotherapy strategies for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Pathog Glob Health. 2013;107:242–52. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yun O, Priotto G, Tong J, Flevaud L, Chappuis F. NECT is next: implementing the new drug combination therapy for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e720-e.
- Anderson AD. Rapport narratif annuel Mosango: 2018. 2019 [cited 2019 Aug 27]. https://sante.gouv.cd/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/RAPPORT-ANNUEL-ZS-MOSANGO-2018.pdf
- Snijders R, Fukinsia A, Claeys Y, Mpanya A, Hasker E, Meheus F, et al. Cost of a new method of active screening for human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14:
e0008832 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Piot MA. A simulation model of case finding and treatment in tuberculosis control programmes. 1967 [cited 2019 Aug 27]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69827
- World Health Organization. WHO interim guidelines for the treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. 2019 [cited 2019 Aug 27]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326178/9789241550567-eng.pdf
1Deceased.
Page created: June 10, 2021
Page updated: July 18, 2021
Page reviewed: July 18, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.