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Volume 27, Number 9—September 2021
Research

Risk Factors for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection among Camel Populations, Southern Jordan, 2014–2018

Peter HollowayComments to Author , Matthew Gibson, Neeltje van Doremalen, Stephen Nash, Tanja Holloway, Michael Letko, Jacqueline M. Cardwell, Bilal Al Omari, Ahmad Al-Majali, Ehab Abu-Basha, Punam Mangtani, Vincent J. Munster, and Javier Guitian
Author affiliations: The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK (P. Holloway, J.M. Cardwell, J. Guitian); Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (M. Gibson); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA (N. van Doremalen, M. Letko, V.J. Munster); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (S. Nash, T. Holloway, P. Mangtani); Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan (B. Al Omari, A. Al-Majali, E. Abu-Basha)

Main Article

Table 3

Multivariate associations between potential risk factors and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus seropositivity in camel populations, southern Jordan, February 2014–December 2015*

Variable
 A priori adjusted OR (95% CI)†
 p value
 Fully adjusted OR (95% CI)‡
 p value
Age, per y§
 1.21 (1.07—1.40)
 <0.01
 1.24 (1.08—1.42)
 <0.01
Male camels borrowed for breeding purposes
 3.44 (1.09—12.25)
 0.04
 4.18 (1.45—12.09)
 0.01
Herd size
Increasing individual camel nos.
 1.05 (1.01—1.09)
 <0.01
 1.04 (1.01—1.08)
 0.02
Water source¶
Open ad lib Referent 0.19 Referent 0.08
Household only 0.52 (0.01—21.39) 0.90 (0.05—16.46)
Trough only
 4.02 (0.51—40.84)
4.74 (0.93—24.08)
Region
Ma’an
 0.56 (0.16—1.79)
 0.33
 0.37 (0.12—1.14)
 0.08
Sex§
F
 1.35 (0.45—3.86)
 0.58
 1.12 (0.38—3.26)
 0.84
Number of camel herds within a 15-min drive
>20 2.24 (0.68—7.99) 0.18 – –

*Variables reference the 1-year period before sampling, with the exception of herd size, camel is a racing camel, and a priori variables: age, sex, and region. Because of the potential influence of maternal immunity, camels <6 m of age have been excluded. OR, odds ratio. †Adjusted for a priori variables: age, sex, and region. ‡2014–2015 study was adjusted for a priori variables and number of camels nearby (within a 15 min drive). §Individual camel–level variables (all other variables being herd-level). ¶Open ad lib indicates irrigation reservoir or spring water sources were used; household only indicates water source was not shared between household and herd; trough only indicates only tanker, tap, or well sources were used.

Main Article

Page created: June 22, 2021
Page updated: August 17, 2021
Page reviewed: August 17, 2021
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