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Volume 28, Number 1—January 2022
Research Letter

Monitoring International Travelers Arriving in Hong Kong for Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2

Author affiliations: University of Hong Kong School of Public Health, Hong Kong, China (H. Gu, S.S.M. Cheng, P. Krishnan, D.Y.M. Ng, L.D.J. Chang, G.Y.Z. Liu, S.S.Y. Cheuk, M.M.Y. Hui, M.C.Y. Fan, J.H.L. Wan, L.H.K. Lau, D.K.W. Chu, V. Dhanasekaran, M. Peiris, L.L.M. Poon); HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (V. Dhanasekaran, M. Peiris, L.L.M. Poon); Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong (M. Peiris, L.L.M. Poon)

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Abstract

We sequenced ≈50% of coronavirus disease cases imported to Hong Kong during March–July 2021 and identified 70 cases caused by Delta variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The genomic diversity detected in Hong Kong was similar to global diversity, suggesting travel hubs can play a substantial role in surveillance.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage B.1.617 (1) and 3 of its sublineages, B.1.617.1 (Kappa), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.617.3, were first detected in India. The Delta variant started circulating widely in different continents beginning in late March 2021 (2,3). It was initially classified as a variant of interest in April 2021 and then reclassified as a variant of concern in May 2021.

Hong Kong adopted an elimination strategy to control coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A previous study reported the use of stringent measures (e.g., mandatory COVID-19 testing, travel restrictions) to detect and prevent SARS-CoV-2 importation by COVID-19–positive travelers (4), thereby reducing the risk of new SARS-CoV-2 introductions, and also showed that regional and international airports could be useful sentinel surveillance sites to monitor SARS-CoV-2 circulation. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using surveillance strategies similar to those used in that study to monitor sequence diversity of Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 among incoming travelers. Detection of B.1.617 variants at the end of March 2021 (4) prompted us to increase our sequencing efforts on imported COVID-19 cases. A total of 433 COVID-19 cases confirmed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were imported during March 27–July 16, 2021; these cases accounted for 85.3% of all RT-PCR–confirmed COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong. We sequenced 49% (212) of those imported cases using next-generation sequencing technology (Appendix 1) and identified 42 Kappa and 70 Delta variant cases (Table). The same study reported that ≈80% of all imported COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong were asymptomatic at the time of RT-PCR testing (4). In this study, we observed a similar proportion (80.9%, N = 34) of asymptomatic Kappa variant cases but found that a significantly lower proportion, 52.8% (37/70), of Delta variant cases were asymptomatic (p<0.001 by χ2 test). This observation aligns with previous findings that the Delta variant virus can induce more severe clinical symptoms (5).

Figure

Imported Delta and Kappa variant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections, Hong Kong, March 27–July 16, 2021. A) Travel ban periods from each country to Hong Kong. B) Confirmed Delta variant cases, by country of origin. C) Confirmed Kappa variant cases; all were from India. All infections were confirmed by full-genome sequencing.

Figure. Imported Delta and Kappa variant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections, Hong Kong, March 27–July 16, 2021. A) Travel ban periods from each country to Hong Kong. B) Confirmed...

All Kappa variant cases were imported from India, where the Kappa variant predominantly circulated (6). In contrast, the Delta variant cases were imported from 11 countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa (Table). Delta variant cases within a specific country often clustered together temporally (Figure), mainly because additional travel bans to countries with high COVID-19 circulation during the study period were implemented, preventing introduction of more cases from these countries to Hong Kong. For example, because of the COVID-19 upsurge in India in early April 2021, all passenger flights from India were prohibited from landing in Hong Kong after April 19. Similar travel restrictions were also imposed on flights from Brazil, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, South Africa, and the United Kingdom at different times during the study period. These travel restrictions enabled us to capture viral sequence information from specific countries within limited identifiable time periods. Despite these restrictions, all 4 sublineages of B.1.617.2 (Delta I–IV) previously detected in other geographic locations (7) were detected in cases imported to Hong Kong (Appendix 1 Figure 1). Furthermore, we first detected these sublineages when they were in the early stages of global circulation (Appendix 1 Figure 2).

Although genomic sequencing has been used extensively to track SARS-CoV-2 transmission in specific geographic locations (8,9; H. Gu et al., unpub. data, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.19.21259169), a global-level surveillance network using airports in different geographic locations might enable more feasible and cost-effective worldwide genomic surveillance. SARS-CoV-2 sequence information thus obtained, combined with relevant metadata, could strengthen current surveillance systems designed for other travel-related sources of illness and death (10). Specifically, we propose a multicenter surveillance network incorporating >1 travel hubs from each subcontinent. Sample selections would ideally be proportional to the number of confirmed imported cases by countries of origin and by time. Additional efforts should be made to study cases imported from countries with limited public sequencing information. Data required for sharing would at a minimum include genomic sequences, sample locations, and sampling dates. To avoid data de-anonymization, use of nonessential data (e.g., sex, age) could be restricted in or excluded from reports. The proposed surveillance network would take advantage of existing sequence-sharing platforms (e.g., GISAID, https://www.gisaid.org), but specific electronic tools and pipelines would need to be developed to enable timely, robust analyses.

During the study period, we found only sporadic local COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong (N = 10). There were 2 independent local Delta variant cases in which the infection was acquired at the Hong Kong airport (Appendix 1 Figure 1). For regions using elimination strategies to control COVID-19, these findings suggest that airports can be high-risk settings for transmitting SARS-CoV-2 and introducing new variants. The findings also support use of stringent control measures and guidelines for protecting staff who work in airports. Overall, our results suggest that key travel hubs can effectively be used as valuable surveillance sites to monitor SARS-CoV-2 sequence diversity.

Virus sequences reported in this study are available from GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org; Appendix 2 Table 1). The data and analyzing scripts used in the study can be accessed in a GitHub repository (https://github.com/Leo-Poon-Lab/HK-Delta-variants).

Dr. Gu is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Hong Kong. His interests focus on bioinformatics and virus evolution.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the staff from the originating laboratories responsible for obtaining the specimens and from the submitting laboratories where the genome data were generated and shared via GISAID (Appendix 2 Table 2). We acknowledge the technical support provided by colleagues from the Centre for PanorOmic Sciences of the University of Hong Kong. We also acknowledge the Centre for Health Protection of the Department of Health for providing samples and epidemiological data for the study.

This work is supported by grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI151810, 75N93021C00016), the Health and Medical Research Fund (COVID190205), and the Collaborative Research Fund, RGC (C7123-20G).

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References

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  10. International Society of Travel Medicine. GeoSentinel [cited 2021 Sep 30] https://www.istm.org/geosentinel

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Table

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.211804

Original Publication Date: December 02, 2021

Table of Contents – Volume 28, Number 1—January 2022

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Page created: October 08, 2021
Page updated: December 20, 2021
Page reviewed: December 20, 2021
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