Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Free-Ranging and Captive Cetaceans, Spain, 2011–2022
Javier Caballero-Gómez, Antonio Rivero-Juarez
, Adrián Beato-Benítez, Carolina Fernández-Maldonado, Mariano Domingo, Daniel García-Párraga, Antonio Fernández, Eva Sierra, Rainer G. Ulrich, Eva Martínez-Nevado, Cecilia Sierra-Arqueros, Rocío Canales-Merino, Antonio Rivero, and Ignacio García-Bocanegra
Author affiliations: Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J. Caballero-Gómez, A. Rivero-Juarez, A. Rivero); (J. Caballero-Gómez, A. Rivero-Juarez, A. Rivero, I. García-Bocanegra); GISAZ-ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba (J. Caballero-Gómez, A. Beato-Benítez, I. García-Bocanegra); CIBERINFEC, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain Seashore Environment and Fauna, Cádiz, Spain (C. Fernández-Maldonado); Andalusian Marine Environment Management Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Sustainable Development, Cádiz, Spain (C. Fernández-Maldonado); Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Service, Autonomous University of Barcelona-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M. Domingo); Oceanographic Foundation of the Valencian Community and Avanqua Oceanographic, Valencia, Spain (D. García-Párraga); Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Institute of Animal Health, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, Las Palmas, Spain (A. Fernández, E. Sierra); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health/German Center for Infection Research, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (R.G. Ulrich); Madrid Zoo, Madrid, Spain (E. Martínez-Nevado); Selwo Marina, Málaga, Spain (C. Sierra-Arqueros); Mundomar Benidorm, Alicante, Spain (R. Canales-Merino).
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Figure 1
Figure 1. Flowchart of a survey of hepatitis E virus in 304 cetaceans belonging to 13 species in Spain during 2011–2022. Description of the study population, number of cetaceans, type of samples analyzed by ELISA and RT-PCR, and results obtained in each assay. *Ten of 75 serum samples were discarded for serologic analysis due to hemolysis. †Taking into account that 2–5 samples were collected per animal in longitudinally surveyed animals, 97 were analyzed by ELISA and 78 by RT-PCR. RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR.
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