Volume 28, Number 8—August 2022
Research
COVID-19 Symptoms and Deaths among Healthcare Workers, United States
Shao Lin1
, Xinlei Deng2, Ian Ryan2, Kai Zhang3, Wangjian Zhang3, Ese Oghaghare3, DeeDee Bennett Gayle3, and Benjamin Shaw3
, Xinlei Deng2, Ian Ryan2, Kai Zhang3, Wangjian Zhang3, Ese Oghaghare3, DeeDee Bennett Gayle3, and Benjamin Shaw3
Table 3
Multivariable analyses for severe clinical indicators and reported symptoms among HCWs who died of COVID-19 compared with non-HCW deaths and non-HCW nondeaths, United States, January 1, 2020–October 12, 2021*
| Variables | HCW deaths, no. (%) | Control 2: non-HCW deaths |
Control 3: non-HCW nondeaths |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | OR (95% CI)† | No. (%) | OR (95% CI)‡ | |||
| Total numbers |
1,469 |
1,436,898 |
4,394,371 |
|||
| Hospitalized | 1,152 (83.84) | 81,094 (79.22) | 1.24 (1.04–1.46) | 239,761 (6.21) | 46.16 (38.88–54.79) | |
| Admitted ICU | 663 (77.00) | 33,066 (64.85) | 1.57 (1.30–1.90) | 25,754 (2.61) | 76.80 (63.22–93.30) | |
| Had pneumonia | 281 (64.75) | 13,722 (56.88) | 1.32 (1.05–1.65) | 53,506 (3.80) | 26.55 (21.09–33.44) | |
| Abnormal radiograph | 207 (69.93) | 9,997 (62.37) | 1.19 (0.89–1.58) | 34,944 (5.38) | 21.89 (16.41–29.19) | |
| Acute respiratory disease symptoms | 138 (46.62) | 7,994 (35.33) | 1.46 (1.12–1.90) | 11,452 (0.84) | 62.43 (47.63–81.83) | |
| MV intubation | 296 (58.04) | 8,729 (34.77) | 1.85 (1.50–2.28) | 4,123 (0.44) | 156.19 (125.65–194.16) | |
| Fever | 305 (66.02) | 15,800 (54.89) | 1.39 (1.12–1.74) | 532,385 (36.13) | 3.38 (2.72–4.19) | |
| Subjective fever | 169 (52.98) | 8,205 (36.34) | 1.82 (1.42–2.34) | 548,940 (36.23) | 1.99 (1.56–2.54) | |
| Chills | 217 (48.98) | 7,963 (30.64) | 1.84 (1.48–2.28) | 643,555 (38.88) | 1.28 (1.04–1.57) | |
| Myalgia | 245 (53.38) | 10,051 (36.51) | 1.88 (1.52–2.32) | 913,780 (51.95) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | |
| Running nose | 69 (30.67) | 3,244 (20.37) | 1.75 (1.26–2.42) | 495,995 (47.70) | 0.58 (0.42–0.79) | |
| Sore throat | 106 (25.00) | 4,225 (16.22) | 1.59 (1.23–2.06) | 641,523 (37.43) | 0.71 (0.56–0.91) | |
| Cough | 440 (78.15) | 23,085 (66.81) | 1.63 (1.31–2.04) | 1,159,870 (62.77) | 1.70 (1.37–2.11) | |
| Dyspnea, shortness of breath | 399 (70.74) | 23,545 (66.50) | 1.11 (0.91–1.37) | 405,746 (24.21) | 5.95 (4.88–7.26) | |
| Nausea/vomiting | 127 (27.73) | 5,304 (18.73) | 1.42 (1.13–1.80) | 297,213 (18.27) | 1.60 (1.28–2.01) | |
| Headache | 195 (43.82) | 6,821 (25.71) | 1.87 (1.49–2.33) | 1,068,424 (59.68) | 0.59 (0.48–0.72) | |
| Abdominal pain | 47 (12.95) | 2,079 (9.93) | 1.07 (0.75–1.52) | 136,869 (11.24) | 1.05 (0.74–1.47) | |
| Diarrhea | 171 (37.58) | 7,219 (25.56) | 1.62 (1.31–2.01) | 430,488 (25.88) | 1.45 (1.18–1.78) | |
| Underlying medical conditions | 627 (88.31) | 42,515 (93.01) | 0.65 (0.49–0.85) | 790,854 (42.64) | 6.29 (4.82–8.21) | |
*The ORs in this table controlled for sex, age group, race, ethnicity, dominant periods of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and vaccination starting time. HCW, healthcare worker; ICU, intensive care unit; MV, mechanical ventilation; OR, odds ratio. †Comparison of HCW deaths vs. non-HCW deaths (control 2). ‡Comparison of HCW deaths vs. non-HCW nondeaths (control 3).
1This author was the principal investigator and first author.
2These senior authors contributed equally to this article.
3These authors contributed equally to this article.
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