Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 29, Number 2—February 2023
Synopsis

Sentinel Surveillance System Implementation and Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Data, Washington, USA, 2020–2021

Hanna N. OlteanComments to Author , Krisandra J. Allen, Lauren Frisbie, Stephanie M. Lunn, Laura Marcela Torres, Lillian Manahan, Ian Painter, Denny Russell, Avi Singh, JohnAric MoonDance Peterson, Kristin Grant, Cara Peter, Rebecca Cao, Katelynn Garcia, Drew Mackellar, Lisa Jones, Holly Halstead, Hannah Gray, Geoff Melly, Deborah Nickerson, Lea Starita, Chris Frazar, Alexander L. Greninger, Pavitra Roychoudhury, Patrick C. Mathias, Michael H. Kalnoski, Chao-Nan Ting, Marisa Lykken, Tana Rice, Daniel Gonzalez-Robles, David Bina, Kelly Johnson, Carmen L. Wiley, Shaun C. Magnuson, Christopher M. Parsons, Eugene D. Chapman, C. Alexander Valencia, Ryan R. Fortna, Gregory Wolgamot, James P. Hughes, Janet G. Baseman, Trevor Bedford, and Scott Lindquist
Author affiliations: Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington, USA (H.N. Oltean, K.J. Allen, L. Frisbie, S.M. Lunn, L.M. Torres, L. Manahan, I. Painter, D. Russell, A. Singh, J.M. Peterson, K. Grant, C. Peter, R. Cao, K. Garcia, D. Mackellar, L. Jones, H. Halstead, H. Gray, G. Melly, S. Lindquist); University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (H.N. Oltean, D. Nickerson, L. Starita, C. Frazar, A.L. Greninger, P. Roychoudhury, P.C. Mathias, J.P. Hughes, J.G. Baseman); Northwest Genome Center, Seattle (D. Nickerson, L. Starita, C. Frazar); Atlas Genomics, Seattle (M.H. Kalnoski, C.-N. Ting); Confluence Health, Wenatchee, Washington (M. Lykken, T. Rice, D. Gonzalez-Robles); Incyte Diagnostics, Spokane Valley, Washington (D. Bina, K. Johnson, C.L. Wiley); Interpath Laboratory, Boise, Idaho, USA (S.C. Magnuson, C.M. Parsons, E.D. Chapman, A. Valencia); Northwest Laboratory, Bellingham, Washington (R.R. Fortna, G. Wolgamot); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (T. Bedford)

Main Article

Table

Comparison of demographic characteristics between COVID-19 cases with sequenced specimens and all confirmed COVID-19 cases in study of presentinel and sentinel surveillance system implementation and evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 genomic data, Washington, USA, 2020–2021*

Variable Presentinel period†
 Sentinel period‡
Overall Sequenced O/E Σ(|E-O|)/E§ Overall Sequenced O/E Σ(|E-O|)/E§
Total no. 326,850 10,653 463,639 56,106
Sex 0.73 0.55
F 159,460 (48.8) 5,326 (50.0) 1.02 230,524 (49.7) 27,163 (48.4) 0.97
M 157,133 (48.1) 4,932 (46.3) 0.96 223,711 (48.3) 27,916 (49.8) 1.03
Other 287 (0.1) NA¶ 0.53 331 (0.1) 55 (0.1) 1.37
Missing
 9,970 (3.1)
 390 (3.7)
 1.20
9,073 (2.0)
 972 (1.7)
 0.89
Age group, y 2.36 1.58
0–4 7,802 (2.4) 211 (2.0) 0.83 18,499 (4.0) 2,188 (3.9) 0.98
5–17 32,121 (9.8) 932 (8.7) 0.89 77,782 (16.8) 9,815 (17.5) 1.04
18–44 165,920 (50.8) 5,128 (48.1) 0.95 224,380 (48.4) 28,909 (51.5) 1.06
45–64 83,046 (25.4) 2,628 (24.7) 0.97 102,215 (22.0) 11,309 (20.2) 0.91
65–79 26,724 (8.2) 1,073 (10.1) 1.23 32,000 (6.9) 3,052 (5.4) 0.79
>80 10,998 (3.4) 680 (6.4) 1.90 8,591 (1.9) 832 (1.5) 0.80
Unknown
 239 (0.1)
 NA¶
 0.13
172 (0.0)
 NA¶
 0.05
COVID-19 deaths
 5,134 (1.6)
 448 (4.2)
 2.68
 1.68
4,568 (1.0)
 452 (0.8)
 0.82
 0.18
Hospitalized for COVID-19
 18,992 (5.8)
 891 (8.4)
 1.44
 0.44
25,060 (5.4)
 1,721 (3.1)
 0.57
 0.43
Outbreak-associated
 49,165 (15.0)
 2,350 (22.1)
 1.47
 0.47
25,902 (5.6)
 4,281 (7.6)
 1.37
 0.37
LTCF-associated
 19,899 (6.1)
 1,614 (15.2)
 2.49
 1.49
7,317 (1.6)
 1,105 (2.0)
 1.25
 0.25
Symptoms 0.61 0.80
Yes 172,070 (52.6) 6,860 (64.4) 1.22 173,363 (37.4) 27,140 (48.4) 1.29
No 24,182 (7.4) 701 (6.6) 0.89 44,731 (9.6) 3,430 (6.1) 0.63
Unknown
 130,598 (40.0)
 3,092 (29.0)
 0.73
245,545 (53.0)
 25,536 (45.5)
 0.86
Race/Ethnicity 1.95 1.35
Hispanic 70,020 (21.4) 2,671 (25.1) 1.17 53,221 (11.5) 9,285 (16.5) 1.44
Non-Hispanic, American Indian, or Alaska Native 3,953 (1.2) 161 (1.5) 1.25 5,455 (1.2) 685 (1.2) 1.04
Non-Hispanic Asian 16,321 (5.0) 755 (7.1) 1.42 21,787 (4.7) 3,261 (5.8) 1.24
Non-Hispanic Black 14,863 (4.5) 548 (5.1) 1.13 19,812 (4.3) 2,429 (4.3) 1.01
Non-Hispanic multiracial 5,575 (1.7) 217 (2.0) 1.19 7,707 (1.7) 1,173 (2.1) 1.26
Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 5,338 (1.6) 203 (1.9) 1.17 6,432 (1.4) 704 (1.3) 0.90
Non-Hispanic White 133,224 (40.8) 4,174 (39.2) 0.96 229,100 (49.4) 24,039 (42.8) 0.87
Non-Hispanic, other race 3,211 (1.0) 138 (1.3) 1.32 3,271 (0.7) 345 (0.6) 0.87
Unknown
 74,345 (22.7)
 1,786 (16.8)
 0.74
116,854 (25.2)
 14,185 (25.3)
 1.00
Language 0.94 2.15
English 104,984 (32.1) 3,357 (31.5) 0.98 138,437 (29.9) 18,484 (32.9) 1.10
Spanish 23,408 (7.2) 884 (8.3) 1.16 9,849 (2.1) 2,474 (4.4) 2.08
Other 5,137 (1.6) 239 (2.2) 1.43 1,745 (0.4) 337 (0.6) 1.60
Unknown 12,519 (3.8) 273 (2.6) 0.67 9,261 (2.0) 1,434 (2.6) 1.28
Missing 180,802 (55.3) 5,900 (55.4) 1.00 304,347 (65.6) 33,377 (59.5) 0.91

*Values are no. or no. (%). We included all confirmed COVID-19 cases (SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected by molecular amplification) reported among Washington residents from January 21, 2020, through December 31, 2021, in the Washington Disease Reporting System. E, expected counts; LTCF, long-term care facility; NA, not applicable; O, observed counts. †Cases were classified as presentinel if specimens were sequenced before March 1, 2021. ‡Cases were classified as sentinel if specimens were sequenced on or after March 1, 2021, through the sentinel surveillance program. §Formula used to directly compare representativeness between populations. ¶Counts <10 are censored.

Main Article

Page created: December 13, 2022
Page updated: January 21, 2023
Page reviewed: January 21, 2023
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external