Volume 29, Number 5—May 2023
Research
Case–Control Study of Long COVID, Sapporo, Japan
Toshiaki Asakura1, Takashi Kimura1
, Isaku Kurotori, Katabami Kenichi, Miyuki Hori, Mariko Hosogawa, Masayuki Saijo, Kaori Nakanishi, Hiroyasu Iso, and Akiko Tamakoshi
, Isaku Kurotori, Katabami Kenichi, Miyuki Hori, Mariko Hosogawa, Masayuki Saijo, Kaori Nakanishi, Hiroyasu Iso, and Akiko Tamakoshi
Table 2
Summarized adjusted odds ratio for each symptom in a case–control study of long COVID, Sapporo, Japan*
| Symptoms | Adjusted odds ratio, by time after illness onset |
Likeliness | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2–3 mo | 4–6 mo | 7–9 mo | 10–12 mo | 13–18 mo | ||
| Systemic | ||||||
| Fatigue | >1.5 | <1 | <1 | >1 | >1 | Likely |
| Fever, temp. >37C° | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | Likely |
| Headache | <1 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <1 | >1 | Less likely |
| Night sweats |
>1.5 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
>1 |
NA |
Less likely |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| Cough | >1.5 | <1 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <1 | Unlikely |
| Dyspnea | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | Very likely |
| Pleuritic chest pain |
>1.5 |
>1.5 |
>1.5 |
>1.5 |
NA |
Very likely |
| Neuropsychiatric | ||||||
| Diminished ability to concentrate | <1 | <1 | >1 | >1.5 | >1.5 | Likely |
| Brain fog | >1 | >1 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | Very likely |
| Sleep disturbance |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<1 |
Unlikely |
| Otorhinolaryngological | ||||||
| Ageusia | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | Very likely |
| Anosmia | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | Very likely |
| Pharyngalgia | >1.5 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | Unlikely |
| Rhinorrhea | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | Unlikely |
| Tinnitus |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<1 |
Unlikely |
| Musculoskeletal | ||||||
| Muscle weakness | >1.5 | >1 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | Very likely |
| Arthralgia or joint swelling | <1 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | Unlikely |
| Myalgia |
>1 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<1 |
<0.66 |
Unlikely |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| Chest pain |
>1.5 |
>1 |
>1 |
>1.5 |
>1.5 |
Very likely |
| Gastrointestinal | ||||||
| Poor appetite | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1 | >1.5 | >1 | Likely |
| Diarrhea | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | Unlikely |
| Nausea or vomiting | >1.5 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <1 | Unlikely |
| Abdominal pain | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | Unlikely |
| Constipation |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
Unlikely |
| Dermatologic | ||||||
| Alopecia | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | >1.5 | Very likely |
| Skin rash | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | Unlikely |
| Tingling | <1 | <0.66 | <0.66 | NA | <1 | Unlikely |
| Pseudo-chilblains on toes |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<0.66 |
<1 |
>1.5 |
Less likely |
| Other | ||||||
| Abnormal menstruation | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | Unlikely |
| Erectile dysfunction | <0.66 | <0.66 | <1 | >1 | >1.5 | Less likely |
| Eye symptoms | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | <0.66 | Unlikely |
*Reference for regression is based on controls. Bold text indicates 95% CI that does not contain 1. NA, not applicable.
1These authors contributed equally to this article.
Page created: March 13, 2023
Page updated: April 18, 2023
Page reviewed: April 18, 2023
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.