Respiratory Disease Surveillance in the Middle East and Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020–2022
Yeny O. Tinoco
1, Tamer S. Osman, Julia S. Ampuero, Mahmoud Gazo, Victor Ocaña, Edward Chávez, Marianela Ore, Elizabeth Carrillo, Jose Santa Cruz, Carlos Delgado, Carlos Alvarez, Rommell Gonzalez, Marina S. Gonzalez, Doris Gómez, Maria E. Arango, Javier Jaramillo, Juan M. Pascale, Nicolas Aguayo, Daniel Olson, Kareen Arias, Miguel M. Cabada, William D. Graham, Tyler D. Moeller, Mohammad Alhawarat, Moutasium Hossinate, Fatima Thneibat, Mohammad Maayeh, Bassem A. Hamdy, Omar Nowar, Samuel Y. Levin, and Mayar M. Said
1
Author affiliation: US Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH, Callao, Peru (Y.O. Tinoco, J.S. Ampuero, W.D. Graham, T.D. Moeller); US Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Cairo, Egypt (T.S. Osman, B.A. Hamdy, O. Nowar, S.Y. Levin, M.M. Said); Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan (M. Gazo, M. Alhawarat, M. Hossinate, F. Thneibat, M. Maayeh); Pachitea Health Center, Piura, Peru (V. Ocaña); Centro de Salud Militar, Trujillo, Peru (E. Chávez); Epidemiología, Comando de Salud del Ejército, Lima, Peru (M. Ore); Seguro Social de Salud-EsSalud, Lima (E. Carrillo); Dirección Regional de Salud, Cusco, Peru (J. Santa Cruz); Dirección Regional de Salud, Puerto Maldonado, Peru (C. Delgado); Dirección Regional de Salud Loreto, Loreto, Peru (C. Alvarez); Dirección Regional de Salud, Tumbes, Peru (R. Gonzalez); Secretaria de Salud del Meta, Villavicencio, Colombia (M.S. Gonzalez); Universidad de Cartagena Grupo UNIMOL, Cartagena, Colombia (D. Gómez); Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (M.E. Arango); Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, Medellin (J. Jaramillo); Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama (J.M. Pascale); Rayos de Sol NGO, Asunción, Paraguay (N. Aguayo); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA (D. Olson); Fundacion para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala (K. Arias); Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Cusco (M.M. Cabada); University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (M.M. Cabada)
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Figure 2
Figure 2. Percent positivity of different respiratory pathogens associated with ILI in detected as part of respiratory disease surveillance in the Middle East (Jordan, A) and Latin America (B) during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020–2022. In Jordan, testing ILI cases with Fast-Track Diagnostics 33 (FTD-33; Siemens Healthineers, https://www.siemens-healthineers.com) started in February 2021. During October 2020–January 2021, ILI cases were tested only for influenza and SARS- CoV-2. Others includes Chlamydia pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. ILI, influenza-like illness; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; RV/EV, rhinovirus/enterovirus.
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