Volume 30, Number 3—March 2024
Research
Estimates of Incidence and Predictors of Fatiguing Illness after SARS-CoV-2 Infection
, Annette L. Fitzpatrick, Jennifer R. Cope, Jeanne Bertolli, Nona Sotoodehnia, T. Eoin West, Nikki Gentile, and Elizabeth R. Unger
Table 3
Associations between incident fatigue and diseases and conditions diagnosed in 18 months before SARS-CoV-2 infection among 4,589 patients with COVID-19 in study of incidence and predictors of fatiguing illness after SARS-CoV-2 infection, Washington, USA, February 2020–February 2021*
| Description | Proportional hazards model |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple |
Multivariable† |
||||
| HR (95% CI) | p value | aHR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Circulatory system | |||||
| Essential hypertension |
1.53 (1.27–1.86) |
<0.001 |
1.27 (1.01–1.59) |
0.043 |
|
| Digestive system | |||||
| Biliary tract disease | 2.27 (1.43–3.59) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.06–2.74) | 0.027 | |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease and other esophageal disorders | 1.53 (1.23–1.90) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.02–1.62) | 0.032 | |
| Gastritis and duodenitis |
2.10 (1.38–3.20) |
<0.001 |
1.93 (1.26–2.94) |
0.002 |
|
| Endocrine | |||||
| Hypothyroidism and other thyroid disorders | 1.84 (1.41–2.39) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.09–1.89) | 0.011 | |
| Nutritional deficiency, including vitamin D, B, iron | 1.86 (1.35–2.56) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.12–2.15) | 0.008 | |
| Obesity |
1.55 (1.19–2.02) |
0.001 |
1.22 (0.93–1.61) |
0.156 |
|
| Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | |||||
| Low back pain | 1.60 (1.27–2.01) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.13–1.79) | 0.003 | |
| Musculoskeletal pain, not low back pain | 1.74 (1.44–2.10) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.31–1.92) | <0.001 | |
| Osteoarthritis |
1.88 (1.46–2.41) |
<0.001 |
1.61 (1.23–2.09) |
<0.001 |
|
| Neoplasms | |||||
| Neoplasms of unspecified nature or uncertain behavior |
2.2 (1.56–3.11) |
<0.001 |
1.87 (1.31–2.66) |
<0.001 |
|
| Nervous system | |||||
| Headache, including migraine | 1.82 (1.33–2.49) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.22–2.29) | 0.002 | |
| Nerve and nerve root disorders | 1.91 (1.31–2.78) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.19–2.53) | 0.004 | |
| Nervous system pain and pain syndromes | 1.61 (1.30–1.99) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.12–1.74) | 0.003 | |
| Sleep disorders |
1.85 (1.49–2.28) |
<0.001 |
1.59 (1.27–1.99) |
<0.001 |
|
| Psychiatry | |||||
| Anxiety and fear-related disorders | 1.68 (1.35–2.10) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.25–1.97) | <0.001 | |
| Depressive disorders | 1.82 (1.47–2.25) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.30–2.01) | <0.001 | |
| Trauma- and stressor-related disorders |
1.59 (1.16–2.17) |
0.004 |
1.46 (1.07–2.00) |
0.018 |
|
| Otolaryngology | |||||
| Otitis media |
1.89 (1.04–3.44) |
0.037 |
1.84 (1.01–3.34) |
0.047 |
|
| Respiratory system | |||||
| Acute upper respiratory infection | 1.63 (1.30–2.04) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.29–2.03) | <0.001 | |
| Allergic rhinitis | 2.01 (1.50–2.71) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.33–2.43) | <0.001 | |
| Sinusitis | 1.55 (1.07–2.25) | 0.021 | 1.56 (1.08–2.26) | 0.019 | |
*Reference for all categories is patients without the given disease/condition. Underlying conditions: acute myocardial infarction, history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, hemiplegia or paraplegia, diabetes, diabetes with complications, moderate-severe renal disease, mild liver disease, moderate-severe liver disease, peptic ulcer disease, rheumatologic disease, HIV/AIDS, any malignancy except skin, metastatic solid tumor. aHR, adjusted HR; HR, hazard ratio. †Multivariable proportional hazards regression models adjusting for age, sex, and number of underlying conditions, unless otherwise noted.