Volume 31, Number 1—January 2025
Research
Social Contact Patterns and Age Mixing before and during COVID-19 Pandemic, Greece, January 2020–October 2021
Vasiliki Engeli, Sotirios Roussos, Nikolaos Demiris, Angelos Hatzakis, and Vana Sypsa
Table
Predictors of the number of social contacts of 6,270 adult participants in study of social contact patterns and age mixing before and during COVID-19 pandemic, Greece, January 2020–October 2021*
| Covariate | Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without interaction term |
With interaction term |
|||||||
| IRR (95% CI) | p value | IRR (95% CI) | p value | IRR (95% CI) | p value | |||
| Age group, y | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.046 | |||||
| 18–64 | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| >65 |
0.47 (0.44–0.51) |
0.86 (0.80–0.93) |
1.28 (1.00–1.62) |
|||||
| Sex | <0.001 | 0.021 | 0.018 | |||||
| M | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| F |
0.80 (0.75–0.86) |
0.93 (0.88–0.99) |
0.93 (0.88–0.99) |
|||||
| Household size, including participant | ||||||||
| 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| 2 | 1.35 (1.23–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.23–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.23–1.46) | <0.001 | ||
| 3 | 1.83 (1.64–2.04) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.41–1.72) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.41–1.72) | <0.001 | ||
| 4 | 2.55 (2.25–2.88) | <0.001 | 2.00 (1.79–2.23) | <0.001 | 2.00 (1.79–2.23) | <0.001 | ||
| >5 |
3.19 (2.62–3.88) |
<0.001 |
2.63 (2.22–3.12) |
<0.001 |
2.63 (2.22–3.12) |
<0.001 |
||
| Nationality | 0.010 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Greek | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| Other |
0.73 (0.58–0.93) |
0.65 (0.53–0.80) |
0.65 (0.53–0.79) |
|||||
| Time period | ||||||||
| January 2020, prepandemic | 5.25 (4.70–5.87) | <0.001 | 5.22 (4.67–5.82) | <0.001 | 6.75 (5.92–7.69) | <0.001 | ||
| March–April 2020† | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| September 2020 | 2.46 (2.14–2.84) | <0.001 | 2.88 (2.52–3.28) | <0.001 | 3.42 (2.91–4.01) | <0.001 | ||
| November–December 2020† | 1.23 (1.07–1.43) | 0.004 | 1.45 (1.27–1.66) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.27–1.76) | <0.001 | ||
| February 2021 | 1.39 (1.20–1.61) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.49–1.95) | <0.001 | 1.92 (1.63–2.27) | <0.001 | ||
| April 2021† | 1.70 (1.47–1.96) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.81–2.36) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.86–2.58) | <0.001 | ||
| May–June 2021 | 2.03 (1.76–2.35) | <0.001 | 2.40 (2.10–2.74) | <0.001 | 2.75 (2.34–3.23) | <0.001 | ||
| September–October 2021 |
2.28 (1.98–2.63) |
<0.001 |
2.78 (2.43–3.17) |
<0.001 |
3.18 (2.71–3.74) |
<0.001 |
||
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Up to junior high school | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| Up to general/vocational lyceum | 1.61 (1.47–1.77) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.11–1.32) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) | <0.001 | ||
| Higher education |
2.04 (1.85–2.24) |
<0.001 |
1.34 (1.23–1.46) |
<0.001 |
1.34 (1.23–1.46) |
<0.001 |
||
| Employment status | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Not employed | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| Employed |
2.66 (2.49–2.83) |
2.00 (1.86–2.16) |
1.99 (1.85–2.14) |
|||||
| Age group >65 × survey period | ||||||||
| January 2020, prepandemic | 0.43 (0.34–0.54) | <0.001 | ||||||
| September 2020 | 0.57 (0.44–0.76) | <0.001 | ||||||
| November–December 2020† | 0.88 (0.66–1.16) | 0.353 | ||||||
| February 2021 | 0.67 (0.51–0.89) | 0.006 | ||||||
| April 2021† | 0.80 (0.60–1.06) | 0.115 | ||||||
| May–June 2021 | 0.64 (0.48–0.84) | 0.002 | ||||||
| September–October 2021 | 0.64 (0.48–0.84) | 0.002 | ||||||
*Results from negative binomial generalized linear mixed models with random intercepts at the individual level fitted on social contact data collected across 8 periods in Greece through cross-sectional surveys. IRR, incidence rate ratio. †Lockdown period.
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