Ongoing Evolution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Saudi Arabia, 2023–2024
Ahmed M. Hassan
1, Barbara Mühlemann
1, Tagreed L. Al-Subhi, Jordi Rodon, Sherif A. El-Kafrawy, Ziad Memish, Julia Melchert, Tobias Bleicker, Tiina Mauno, Stanley Perlman, Alimuddin Zumla, Terry C. Jones, Marcel A. Müller, Victor M. Corman, Christian Drosten
2
, and Esam I. Azhar
2
Author affiliation: King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (A.M. Hassan, T.L. Al-Subhi, S.A. El-Kafrawy, E.I. Azhar); Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (B. Mühlemann, J. Rodon, J. Melchert, T. Bleicker, T. Mauno, T.C. Jones, M.A. Müller, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten); German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (B. Mühlemann, J. Melchert, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten); Ministry of Health and Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Z. Memish); Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (Z. Memish); University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA (S. Perlman); University College London, London, UK (A. Zumla); University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London (A. Zumla); University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (T.C. Jones)
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Figure 1

Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) clades and sample distribution in study of ongoing evolution of virus, Saudi Arabia, 2023–2024. Tree was constructed by using the maximum-likelihood method. Black circles indicate 620 complete MERS-CoV genomes sampled until 2019; colored circles indicate 41 MERS-CoV genomes sequenced in this study. Blue circles indicate B5-2023.1, orange circles B5-2023.2, green circles B5-2023.3, yellow circles B5-2023.4, and magenta B5-2023.5 sublineages. Black triangles indicate collapsed clades A, C, B1–B4, and B7. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.
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