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Volume 31, Number 6—June 2025
Research

Safety and Immunogenicity of Poultry Vaccine for Protecting Critically Endangered Avian Species against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus, United States

Todd E. KatznerComments to Author , Ashleigh V. Blackford, Mary Donahue, Samantha E.J. Gibbs, Julianna Lenoch, Michael Martin, Tonie E. Rocke, J. Jeffrey Root, Darrel Styles, Sunny Cooper, Kristin Dean, Zachary Dvornicky-Raymond, Dominique Keller, Carlos Sanchez, Brett Dunlap, Thomas Grier, Michael P. Jones, Gregory Nitzel, Erin Patrick, Maureen Purcell, Aaron J. Specht, and David L. Suarez
Author affiliation: US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, Idaho, USA (T.E. Katzner, M. Purcell); US Fish and Wildlife Service, California Condor Recovery Program, Vero Beach, Florida, USA (A.V. Blackford); US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA (M. Donahue); US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Wildlife Health Office, Chiefland, Florida, USA (S.E.J. Gibbs); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J. Lenoch); North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA (M. Martin); US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (T.E. Rocke); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins (J.J. Root); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Veterinary Services, Riverdale, Maryland, USA (D. Styles); Carolina Raptor Center, Huntersville, North Carolina, USA (S. Cooper, K. Dean); San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, California, USA (Z. Dvornicky-Raymond); Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Garden, Los Angeles, California, USA (D. Keller); Oregon Zoo, Portland, Oregon, USA (C. Sanchez); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Services, Madison, Tennessee, USA (B. Dunlap); Purdue University School of Health Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA (T. Grier, A.J. Specht); American Eagle Foundation, Kodak, Tennessee, USA (M.P. Jones); Zoetis, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA (G. Nitzel); US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Services, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA (E. Patrick); US Department of Agriculture, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA (D.L. Suarez)

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Figure 1

Photographs of avian species tested in study of safety and immunogenicity of poultry vaccine for protecting critically endangered avian species from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States. A) California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), whose infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was the motivation for this research. B) Black vulture (Coragryps atratus), closely related species used as a surrogate for condors in this research. Photo credits: panel A, US Fish and Wildlife Service public domain; panel B, Todd E. Katzner.

Figure 1. Photographs of avian species tested in study of safety and immunogenicity of poultry vaccine for protecting critically endangered avian species from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States. A) California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), whose infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was the motivation for this research. B) Black vulture (Coragryps atratus), closely related species used as a surrogate for condors in this research. Photo credits: panel A, US Fish and Wildlife Service public domain; panel B, Todd E. Katzner.

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Page created: April 03, 2025
Page updated: April 15, 2025
Page reviewed: April 15, 2025
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