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Volume 31, Number 6—June 2025
Dispatch
High Prevalence of Artemisinin-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum, Southeastern Sudan
Table 1
Frequency of the Pfkelch13, Pfcrt, Pfmdr-1, dhfr, and dhps genotypes in blood samples collected in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria before artemisinin-based combination therapy from Al Jazirah and Al Qadarif, Sudan, 2017*
| Gene | Codon | Amino acid | No. (%) samples |
p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al Jazirah | Al Qadarif | Total | ||||
| No. samples |
NA |
NA |
170 |
87 |
257 |
NA |
| Pfkelch13† |
Wilms tumor | NA | 123 (72.4) | 69 (79.3) | 192 (74.7) | 0.01 |
| 494 | Valine → Isoleucine | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 1 (0.4) | ||
| 622 | Arginine → Isoleucine | 42 (24.7) | 10 (11.5) | 52 (20.2) | ||
| 625 | Glycine → Arginine | 1 (0.6) | 6 (6.9) | 7 (2.7) | ||
| 622/625 | Arginine → Isoleucine / Glycine → Arginine | 1 (0.6) | 2 (2.3) | 3 (1.2) | ||
| 622/494 | Arginine → Isoleucine / Valine → Isoleucine | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 1 (0.4) | ||
| 494/658 |
Valine → Isoleucine / Lysine → Threonine |
1 (0.6) |
0 |
1 (0.4) |
||
| Pfcrt |
72 | Cysteine | 170 (100) | 87 (100) | 257 (100) | NA |
| Serine | NA | NA | NA | |||
| 74 | Methionine | 124 (73) | 44 (51) | 168 (65) | 0.0004 | |
| Isoleucine | 46 (27) | 43 (49) | 89 (35) | |||
| 75 | Asparagine | 124 (73) | 44 (51) | 168 (65) | 0.0004 | |
| Glutamic acid | 46 (27) | 43 (49) | 89 (35) | |||
| 76 | Lysine | 124 (73) | 44 (51) | 168 (65) | 0.0004 | |
| Threonine | 46 (27) | 43 (49) | 89 (35) | |||
| 93 | Threonine | 170 (100) | 86 (99) | 256 (99.6) | 0.2 | |
| Serine | 0 | 1 (1) | 1 (0.4) | |||
| 356 |
Isoleucine | 169 (99) | 85 (98) | 254 (98.8) | 0.2 |
|
| Threonine |
1 (1) |
2 (2) |
3 (1.2) |
|||
| Pfmdr-1 |
86 | Asparagine | 145 (85) | 75 (86) | 220 (86) | 0.8 |
| Tyrosine | 25 (15) | 12 (14) | 37 (14) | |||
| 184 | Tyrosine | 20 (12) | 14 (16) | 34 (13) | 0.3 | |
| Phenylalanine | 150 (88) | 73 (84) | 223 (87) | |||
| 1034 | Serine | 139 (82) | 70 (80) | 209 (81) | 0.8 | |
| Cysteine | 31 (18) | 17 (20) | 48 (19) | |||
| 1042 | Asparagine | 170 (100) | 87 (100) | 257 (100) | NA | |
| Aspartic acid | NA | NA | NA | |||
| 1246 |
Aspartic acid | 170 (100) | 87 (100) | 257 (100) | NA |
|
| Tyrosine |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|||
| dhfr |
51 | Asparagine | 79 (46) | 16 (18) | 95 (37) | <0.0001 |
| Isoleucine | 91 (54) | 71 (82) | 162 (63) | |||
| 59 | Cysteine | 151 (90) | 76 (87) | 227 (89) | 0.4 | |
| Arginine | 16 (10) | 11 (13) | 27 (11) | |||
| 108 | Serine | 72 (42) | 22 (25) | 94 (37) | 0.007 | |
| Asparagine | 98 (58) | 65 (75) | 163 (63) | |||
| 164 |
Isoleucine | 170 (100) | 87 (100) | 257 (100) | NA |
|
| Leucine |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|||
| dhps | 431 | Isoleucine | 170 (100) | 87 (100) | 257 (100) | NA |
| Valine | NA | NA | NA | |||
| 436 | Serine | 167 (98) | 83 (95) | 250 (97) | 0.2 | |
| Alanine | 3 (2) | 4 (5) | 7 (3) | |||
| 437 | Alanine | 30 (18) | 35 (40) | 65 (25) | 0.0001 | |
| Glycine | 140 (82) | 52 (60) | 192 (75) | |||
| 540 | Lysine (K) | 162 (95) | 72 (83) | 234 (91) | 0.0009 | |
| Glutamic acid | 8 (5) | 15 (17) | 23 (9) | |||
| 581 | Alanine | 170 (100) | 87 (100) | 257 (100) | NA | |
| Glycine | NA | NA | NA | |||
| 613 | Alanine | 169 (99) | 86 (99) | 255 (99) | 0.6 | |
| Serine | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | |||
*p values indicate the difference in percentages between sites. NA, not available. †Pfkelch13 622I/625R, 1 sample from Al Jazirah and 2 samples from Al Qadarif; Pfkelch13 494I/622I, 1 sample from Al Jazirah; Pfkelch13 494I/658T, 1 sample from Al Jazirah.
Page created: April 25, 2025
Page updated: May 20, 2025
Page reviewed: May 20, 2025
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