Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link

Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 31, Number 7—July 2025
Research

Estimation of Incubation Period for Oropouche Virus Disease among Travel-Associated Cases, 2024–2025

Sarah Anne J. GuagliardoComments to Author , Stacey Martin, Carolyn V. Gould, Rebekah Sutter, Daniel Jacobs, Kevin O’Laughlin, Ralph Huits, Concetta Castilletti, J. Erin Staples, and GeoSentinel Network Collaborators1
Author affiliation: Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (S.A.J. Guagliardo, S. Martin, C.V. Gould, R. Sutter, D. Jacobs, J.E. Staples); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (K. O’Laughlin); IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy (R. Huits, C. Castilletti)

Main Article

Figure 1

Flowchart of data sources and 97 cases included in an estimation of incubation period for Oropouche virus disease among travel-associated cases, 2024–2025. The study included patients who developed symptoms and had positive test results for Oropouche in the laboratory database of the CDC Arboviral Diseases Branch (Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases), through GeoSentinel (https://geosentinel.org), or in reports available on PubMed as of March 15, 2025. We excluded patients without complete travel data. *(6,11,13–15). CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Figure 1. Flowchart of data sources and 97 cases included in an estimation of incubation period for Oropouche virus disease among travel-associated cases, 2024–2025. The study included patients who developed symptoms and had positive test results for Oropouche in the laboratory database of the CDC Arboviral Diseases Branch (Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases), through GeoSentinel (https://geosentinel.org), or in reports available on PubMed as of March 15, 2025. We excluded patients without complete travel data. *(6,11,13–15). CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Main Article

References
  1. Pan American Health Organization. Epidemiological update Oropouche in the Americas region, 11 February 2025 [cited 20025 Feb 11]. https://www.paho.org/sites/default/files/2025-02/2025-feb-10-epi-update-oropoucheeng-final_0.pdf
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Oropouche in the United States [cited 2025 Apr 29]. https://www.cdc.gov/oropouche/data-maps/current-year-data.html
  3. Guagliardo  SAJ, Connelly  CR, Lyons  S, Martin  SW, Sutter  R, Hughes  HR, et al. Reemergence of Oropouche virus in the Americas and risk for spread in the United States and its territories, 2024. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30:2241–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Morrison  A, White  JL, Hughes  HR, Guagliardo  SAJ, Velez  JO, Fitzpatrick  KA, et al. Oropouche virus disease among U.S. travelers—United States, 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024;73:769–73. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Bandeira  AC, Pereira  FM, Leal  A, Santos  SPO, Barbosa  AC, Souza  MSPL, et al. Fatal Oropouche virus infections in nonendemic region, Brazil, 2024. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30:2370–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Vernal  S, Martini  CCR, da Fonseca  BAL. Oropouche virus-associated aseptic meningoencephalitis, southeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:380–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. de Armas Fernández  JR, Peña García  CE, Acosta Herrera  B, Betancourt Plaza  I, Gutiérrez de la Cruz  Y, Resik Aguirre  S, et al. Report of an unusual association of Oropouche Fever with Guillain-Barré syndrome in Cuba, 2024. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024;43:2233–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Mourãão  MP, Bastos  MS, Gimaqu  JB, Mota  BR, Souza  GS, Grimmer  GHN, et al. Oropouche fever outbreak, Manaus, Brazil, 2007-2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:2063–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. das Neves Martins  FE, Chiang  JO, Nunes  BTD, Ribeiro  BFR, Martins  LC, Casseb  LMN, et al. Newborns with microcephaly in Brazil and potential vertical transmission of Oropouche virus: a case series. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025;25:155–65. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Pinheiro  FP, Travassos da Rosa  AP, Travassos da Rosa  JF, Ishak  R, Freitas  RB, Gomes  ML, et al. Oropouche virus. I. A review of clinical, epidemiological, and ecological findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1981;30:149–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Castilletti  C, Huits  R, Mantovani  RP, Accordini  S, Alladio  F, Gobbi  F. Replication-competent Oropouche virus in semen of traveler returning to Italy from Cuba, 2024. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30:2684–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Iglói  Z, Soochit  W, Munnink  BBO, Anas  AA, von Eije  KJ, van der Linden  A, et al. Oropouche virus genome in semen and other body fluids from traveler. Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31:205–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Barbiero  A, Formica  G, Mantovani  RP, Accordini  S, Gobbi  F, Spinicci  M, et al. Persistent Oropouche virus viremia in two travellers returned to Italy from Cuba, July 2024. J Travel Med. 2025;32:taae148. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Gourjault  C, Pezzi  L, Doudier  B, Minodier  P, Klitting  R, Cano  P, et al. Persistence of Oropouche virus in body fluids among imported cases in France, 2024. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025;25:e64–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. de Souza Luna  LK, Rodrigues  AH, Santos  RI, Sesti-Costa  R, Criado  MF, Martins  RB, et al. Oropouche virus is detected in peripheral blood leukocytes from patients. J Med Virol. 2017;89:1108–11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Naveca  FG, Nascimento  VAD, Souza  VC, Nunes  BTD, Rodrigues  DSG, Vasconcelos  PFDC. Multiplexed reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of Mayaro, Oropouche, and Oropouche-like viruses. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2017;112:510–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Krow-Lucal  ER, Biggerstaff  BJ, Staples  JE. Estimated incubation period for Zika virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:841–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Reich  NG, Lessler  J, Cummings  DA, Brookmeyer  R. Estimating incubation period distributions with coarse data. Stat Med. 2009;28:2769–84. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Threat assessment brief: Oropouche virus disease cases imported into the European Union [cited 2025 Apr 29]. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/TAB-Oropouche-august-2024.pdf
  20. Pan American Health Organization. Countries with cumulative reports of Oropouche cases [in Spanish] [cited 2025 Apr 29]. https://www.paho.org/es/arbo-portal/oropouche
  21. Sakkas  H, Bozidis  P, Franks  A, Papadopoulou  C. Oropouche fever: a review. Viruses. 2018;10:175. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Pinheiro  FP, Travassos da Rosa  APA, Vasconcelos  PF. Oropouche fever. In: Feigin RD, Demmler GJ, Cherry JD, Kaplan SL, editors. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases, 5th ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders Co; 2004. p. 2418–23.
  23. Scachetti  GC, Forato  J, Claro  IM, Hua  X, Salgado  BB, Vieira  A, et al. Re-emergence of Oropouche virus between 2023 and 2024 in Brazil: an observational epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025;25:166–75. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Azevedo  RS, Nunes  MR, Chiang  JO, Bensabath  G, Vasconcelos  HB, Pinto  AY, et al. Reemergence of Oropouche fever, northern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:912–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Pealer  LN, Marfin  AA, Petersen  LR, Lanciotti  RS, Page  PL, Stramer  SL, et al.; West Nile Virus Transmission Investigation Team. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1236–45. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Chan  M, Johansson  MA. The incubation periods of Dengue viruses. PLoS One. 2012;7:e50972. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Rudolph  KE, Lessler  J, Moloney  RM, Kmush  B, Cummings  DA. Incubation periods of mosquito-borne viral infections: a systematic review. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:882–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Djaafara  BA, Imai  N, Hamblion  E, Impouma  B, Donnelly  CA, Cori  A. A quantitative framework for defining the end of an infectious disease outbreak: application to Ebola virus disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190:642–51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Pinheiro  FP, Hoch  AL, Gomes  ML, Roberts  DR. Oropouche virus. IV. Laboratory transmission by Culicoides paraensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1981;30:172–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

1Members are listed at the end of this article.

Page created: April 30, 2025
Page updated: May 01, 2025
Page reviewed: May 01, 2025
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external