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Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 31, Number 8—August 2025

Dispatch

ACE2 Receptor Usage across Animal Species by SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Masato Hatta1, Gloria P. Larson1, Yasuko Hatta1, Wei Wang, Nannan Jiang, Yu-Jin Jung, Li Wang, Xiaoyu Fan, Brenda M. Calderon, Gaston Bonenfant, Xudong Lin, Chenchen Feng, Dan Cui, Ginger Atteberry, Michael Currier, John Steel, David E. Wentworth, and Bin ZhouComments to Author 
Author affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (M. Hatta, Y. Hatta, N. Jiang, L. Wang, X. Fan, B.M. Calderon, X. Lin, D. Cui, G. Atteberry, M. Currier, J. Steel, D.E. Wentworth, B. Zhou); Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA (G.P. Larson, G. Bonenfant, C. Feng); General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc., Falls Church, Virginia, USA (W. Wang, Y.-J. Jung)

Main Article

Figure 2

Heatmaps showing the binding strength of spike proteins (A) and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 variants (B) to cells expressing ACE2 proteins from 54 animal species in study of ACE2 receptor usage across animal species by SARS-CoV-2 variants. The binding of the spike proteins to ACE2 was normalized to the reference group of index (wild-type) virus spike protein and human ACE2 cells (defined as 1) for both 2 µg/mL and 20 µg/mL spike protein concentrations. The representative data from 3 independent experiments are shown. The infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 reporter viruses was also normalized to the reference group of index virus and human ACE2 cells (defined as 1). The ratios, relative to the index virus and human ACE2 cells, are displayed as colors ranging from white to red. The experiment was performed in triplicate and the average was used in the heatmap. ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.

Figure 2. Heatmaps showing the binding strength of spike proteins (A) and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 variants (B) to cells expressing ACE2 proteins from 54 animal species in study of ACE2 receptor usage across animal species by SARS-CoV-2 variants. The binding of the spike proteins to ACE2 was normalized to the reference group of index (wild-type) virus spike protein and human ACE2 cells (defined as 1) for both 2 µg/mL and 20 µg/mL spike protein concentrations. The representative data from 3 independent experiments are shown. The infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 reporter viruses was also normalized to the reference group of index virus and human ACE2 cells (defined as 1). The ratios, relative to the index virus and human ACE2 cells, are displayed as colors ranging from white to red. The experiment was performed in triplicate and the average was used in the heatmap. ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: June 16, 2025
Page updated: July 17, 2025
Page reviewed: July 17, 2025
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