Early Release

Synopses

• Human Streptococcus suis Infections, South America, 1995–2024
  M. Bakpatina-Batako et al. View Abstract

  Streptococcus suis, a swine pathogen that causes zoonotic infections in Europe and Asia, has increasingly been observed in South America. We reviewed all available reports from the continent and identified S. suis cases in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, French Guiana, and Uruguay. We also identified 8 novel infections from Argentina, bringing the total documented human cases in South America to 47. We reclassified 1 previously reported infection as S. parasuis. Among the 47 S. suis cases, 40 (85%) patients had meningitis, 2 (4%) had toxic shock–like illness, 2 (4%) had nonshock sepsis, 1 (2%) had arthritis, and 1 (2%) had endocarditis. The case-fatality rate was 4% (2/47). Infections were primarily linked to pig or pork exposure, although some occurred after consuming undercooked meat. Case distribution varied by country, and Argentina reported a disproportionately high number of cases despite a smaller swine industry. Our findings highlight the need for more consistent regional S. suis surveillance.

• Systematic Review of Contact Investigation Costs for Tuberculosis, United States
  G. B. Asay et al.
• Community Outbreak of OXA-48–Producing Escherichia coli Linked to Food Premises, New Zealand, 2018–2022
  C. N. Thornley et al.
• Strengthening International Investigations of Alleged Biological Weapons Use
  M. Brackmann et al.

Research

• Estimation of Incubation Period for Oropouche Virus Disease among Travel-Associated Cases, 2024–2025
  S. J. Guagliardo et al. View Abstract

  Determining the incubation period of Oropouche virus disease can inform clinical and public health practice. We analyzed data from 97 travel-associated cases identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n = 74) or the GeoSentinel Network (n = 13) and 10 cases from published literature. Using log-normal interval-censored survival analysis, we estimated the median incubation period to be 3.2 (95% CI 2.5–3.9) days. Symptoms developed by 1.1 (95% CI 0.6–1.5) days for 5% of patients, 9.7 (95% CI 6.9–12.5) days for 95% of patients, and 15.4 (95% CI 9.6–21.3) days for 99% of patients. The estimated incubation period range of 1–10 days can be used to assess timing and potential source of exposure in patients with Oropouche symptoms. For patients with symptom onset >2 weeks after travel, clinicians and public health responders should consider the possibility of local vectorborne transmission or alternative modes of transmission.

• Outbreak of Sexually Transmitted S. sonnei bla_ctx-m-15 in England - an Epidemiological and Genomic Investigation
  H. Charles et al.
• Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha Variant in White-Tailed Deer, Ohio, USA
  N. N. Tarbuck et al. View Abstract

  Free-ranging white-tailed deer (WTD) are highly susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Through an opportunistic sampling of WTD in northeast Ohio, USA, during January–March 2023, we identified 6 SARS-CoV-2 lineages from 36 sequences using the pangolin lineages tool, including the B.1.1.7 lineage (Alpha variant) and BQ.1.1, BQ.1.1.63, BQ.1.1.67, BQ.1.23, and XBB.1.5.35 lineages (Omicron variant). The Alpha variant, introduced by a single human-to-deer transmission event, was detected in 5 WTD in January 2023, more than 1 year after the most recent detection of the Alpha variant in humans in Ohio (August 2021). A genetically similar B.1.1.7 lineage virus from WTD in a nearby county in Pennsylvania was positioned with our Ohio deer transmission cluster, suggesting deer-to-deer transmission. The persistence of the Alpha variant in WTD in Ohio warrants continued surveillance to monitor if WTD can become a reservoir for displaced SARS-CoV-2 variants.

• Incidence and predictive factors of disseminated histoplasmosis in persons living with HIV in France and its overseas territories, ANRS CO4 FHDH cohort 1992–2021
  M. Nacher et al.
• Emergence of Flucytosine-Resistant Non–Wild-Type Candida tropicalis Clade, the Netherlands
  F. Delma et al.
• Emergence of Distinct Salmonella Enteritidis Lineage since 2020, South Korea
  E. Shin et al.
• Peromyscus Species Deer Mice as Rodent Model of Acute Leptospirosis
  E. J. Putz et al.
• Spatiotemporal Distribution and Clinical Characteristics of Zoonotic Tuberculosis, Spain, 2018–2022
  Á. Roy et al.
• Transmission Dynamics and Parameters for Pertussis during School-Based Outbreak, South Korea, 2024
  U. Cho et al. View Abstract

  We estimated the serial interval and superspreading potential to quantify pertussis transmission dynamics in a 2024 school-based outbreak of a population in South Korea that had received a series of pertussis vaccinations. We analyzed 48 cases of pertussis and reconstructed 36 transmission pairs. We then used maximum-likelihood estimation to assess serial interval and offspring distribution from transmission pair data. We identified that the mean serial interval was 9.5 (SD 1.6) days; 15% (95% CI 8%–23%) of cases seeded 80% of all transmissions in this outbreak. Our findings suggest that pertussis was highly transmissible in vaccinated children during this outbreak. Rapid contact tracing and strict adherence to public health measures are needed to reduce community pertussis transmission.

Historical Review

• Role of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions during 1918–20 Influenza Pandemic, Alaska, United States
  U. Khakurel et al.

Dispatches

• Human Infections by the Novel Zoonotic Species Corynebacterium silvaticum, Germany
  A. Berger et al.
• Multisystemic Disease and Septicemia Caused by Presumptive Burkholderia pseudomallei in American Quarter Horse
  J. J. Thornton et al.
• Lyme Disease Testing Practices, Wisconsin, USA, 2016–2019
  K. J. Kugeler et al. View Abstract

  Positive laboratory results are increasingly used for Lyme disease surveillance in the United States. We found 6%–15% of persons with a positive test each year tested positive in a prior year; repeat testing frequency increased with patient age. Repeat testing of persons with previous seropositivity could affect surveillance data interpretation.

• Borrelia Lineages Adjacent to Zoonotic Clades in Black Flying Foxes (Pteropus alecto), Australia, 2018–2020
  T. B. Verrett et al. View Abstract

  We explored the role of black flying foxes (Pteropus alecto) in Australia as reservoirs of Borrelia bacteria. We found bats infected with 2 Borrelia haplotypes phylogenetically distinct from Lyme or relapsing fever clades. Efforts to sample black flying foxes and their ectoparasites are needed to evaluate zoonotic potential of those Borrelia lineages.

• Emergence and Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae O1 Sequence Type 75 Clonal Complex Strains, Fujian Province, China, 2009–2023
  Z. Ke et al.
• Detection of Novel Orthobunyavirus Reassortants in Fatal Neurologic Case in Horse and Culicoides Biting Midges, South Africa
  M. Rakaki et al.
• Community Infections Linked with Parvovirus B19 Genomic DNA in Wastewater, Texas, USA, 2023–2024
  A. Zulli et al.
• Evidence of Viremia in Dairy Cows Naturally Infected with Influenza A Virus, California, USA
  J. Lombard et al. View Abstract

  We confirmed influenza A virus (IAV) by PCR in serum from 18 cows on 3 affected dairy farms in California, USA. Our findings indicate the presence of viremia and might help explain IAV transmission dynamics and shedding patterns in cows. An understanding of those dynamics could enable development of IAV mitigation strategies.

• Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strain, Canada
  B. Lefebvre et al.
• Outbreak of Ceftriaxone-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi, Bangladesh, 2024
  Y. Hooda et al.
• Environmental Exposures Relative to Locally Acquired Hansen’s Disease, USA
  D. Chaney et al.

Research Letters

• Fatal Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Caused by Burkholderia thailandensis, China
  P. Zhang et al. View Abstract

  We report on a patient in China with no underlying illnesses who died of Burkholderia thailandensis infection despite timely treatment. This case challenges the perception that B. thailandensis is nonlethal or has low virulence. Increased clinical awareness and prompt diagnosis are essential for managing B. thailandensis infections and preventing fatal outcomes.

• Genomic Deletion of PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 Antigens in Plasmodium falciparum Strains, Ethiopia, 2009
  T. Woldearegai et al. View Abstract

  Plasmodium falciparum strains lacking P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and PfHRP3 threaten malaria rapid test reliability. We show that pfhrp2/pfhrp3–deleted parasites circulated in Ethiopia as early as 2009, before widespread PfHRP2-based rapid test use, and had high pfhrp3 deletion prevalence. Monitoring of pfhrp2 and of pfhrp3 deletions is needed.

• Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in Persons Returning to Israel from Thailand, 2023
  Y. Paran et al.
• Increasing Predominance of Norovirus GII.17 over GII.4, United States, 2022–2025
  L. Barclay and J. Vinjé View Abstract

  Norovirus GII.17 outbreaks in the United States increased from <10% during the 2022–23 season to 75% during the 2024–25 season, surpassing the number of GII.4 outbreaks. The norovirus season also started earlier in 2024–25 than in previous seasons. Continued norovirus surveillance is needed to detect and monitor emerging strains.

• Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis in Finger caused by Mycoplasma phocimorsus from Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), Alaska, USA, 2024
  B. P. Westley et al.
• Next-Generation Sequencing Techniques to Diagnose Culture-Negative Subacute Native Aortic Endocarditis
  D. Vetterli et al.
• Genomic Characterization of Leishmania tropica in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Somali Region, Ethiopia, 2023
  A. Abera et al.
• Promising Effects of Duck Vaccination against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, France 2023–2024
  C. Guinat et al.
• Syphilis as a Rare Cause of Pyogenic Liver Abscess
  D. Meyer and M. Granada
• Reemergence of syphilitic aortitis with concomitant neurosyphilis in an asymptomatic octogenarian
  E. Czulada et al.

EIN Letter

• Emerging Infections Network Survey of Screening for Cryptococcal Antigenemia, United States, 2024
  K. Benedict et al. View Abstract

  We polled infectious disease specialists about cryptococcal antigen screening for patients initiating HIV antiretroviral therapy. Of 215 respondents, 33% reported typically obtaining screening for patients with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm³ and 63% for counts <100 CD4 cells/mm³. Uncertainty about cryptococcal antigen screening benefits and recommendations suggests opportunities for education and increased screening.

Etymologia

• Scotochromogenic [skoʺto-kroʹmo-jǝn-ik]
  C. Opperman and R. Warren

Perspective

• Emergence of Clade Ib Monkeypox Virus—Current State of Evidence
  P. S. Satheshkumar et al.

Research

• Rapid Emergence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Intrahost Variants among COVID-19 Patients with Prolonged Infections, Singapore
  Y. Su et al.
• Scheffersomyces spartinae Fungemia among Pediatric Patients, Pakistan, 2020–2024
  K. Jabeen et al.

Dispatch

• Gastric Submucosal Tumor in Patient Infected with Dioctophyme renale, South Korea
  D. Kim et al.

Research Letter

• Complete Genome Analysis of African Swine Fever Virus Isolated from Wild Boar, India, 2021
  D. Senthilkumar et al.