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Volume 31, Number 9—September 2025
Research
Attachment Patterns of Avian Influenza H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Respiratory Tracts of Marine Mammals, North Atlantic Ocean
Figure 2

Figure 2. Attachment of influenza A viruses to epithelial cells of trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, and alveoli in study of attachment patterns of avian influenza H5 clade 2.3.4.4b virus in respiratory tracts of marine mammals, North Atlantic Ocean. Hematoxylin and eosin stain (red) shows attachment of human seasonal influenza A virus H32003 and avian influenza A viruses H5ΔMBCS2005 and H5ΔMBCS2022 to the lower respiratory tracts of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), gray seals (Halichoerus grypus), harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). A) Trachea; B) bronchiole; C) bronchus; D) alveoli. Photos were taken at high magnification (×1,000) of the apical side of the mucosa. H32003, A/Netherlands/213/2003 (H3N2); H5ΔMBCS2005, A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1); H5ΔMBCS2022, A/Caspian gull/Netherlands/1/2022 (H5N1).
1Current affiliation: Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
2These authors were co–principal investigators.