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Volume 32, Number 10—October 2026

Perspective

Reassortment of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza as a Driver for Zoonotic Spillover, Asia

Alexander M.P. Byrne1, Lorcan Carnegie1, Nicola S. Lewis, Ian G. Barr, Erik A. Karlsson, and Michelle WilleComments to Author 
Author affiliation: Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (A.M.P. Byrne, N.S. Lewis); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (L. Carnegie); World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (I.G. Barr, M. Wille); Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (E.A. Karlsson); Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (E.A. Karlsson)

Main Article

Figure 2

Simplified schematic of the segment constellations of identified human reassortant viruses in study of reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza as a driver for zoonotic spillover, Asia. Figure demonstrates the origin of each genomic segment (H5 clade 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1e, 2.3.4.4b, LPAI, or H5 clade 2.3.4.4b within an LPAI clade 2.3.4.4b) by country of detection. Australia detection was in a person traveling to Australia from India. HA, hemagglutinin; LPAI, low pathogenicity avian influenza; MP, matrix protein; NA, neuraminidase; NP, nucleoprotein; NS, nonstructural; PA, polymerase acidic; PB, polymerase basic.

Figure 2. Simplified schematic of the segment constellations of identified human reassortant viruses in study of reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza as a driver for zoonotic spillover, Asia. Figure demonstrates the origin of each genomic segment (H5 clade 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1e, 2.3.4.4b, LPAI, or H5 clade 2.3.4.4b within an LPAI clade 2.3.4.4b) by country of detection. Australia detection was in a person traveling to Australia from India. HA, hemagglutinin; LPAI, low pathogenicity avian influenza; MP, matrix protein; NA, neuraminidase; NP, nucleoprotein; NS, nonstructural; PA, polymerase acidic; PB, polymerase basic.

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: August 13, 2026
Page updated: September 28, 2026
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