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Volume 32, Number 9—September 2026

Research

Invasive Wickerhamomyces anomalus Infections among Injecting Drug Users, France, 2012–20241

Maxime Lefranc2, Adrien Pain2, Fréderic Dalle, Pierre Baudino, Claudio Plaisant, Taieb Chouaki, Josephine Dorin, Anne-Pauline Bellanger, Julie Bonhomme, Maxime Moniot, Celia Rouges, Françoise Botterel, Gregoire Pasquier, Lilia Hasseine, Estelle Perraud-Cateau, Jean-Pierre Gangneux, Laurence Delhaes, Damien Costa, Juliette Guitard, Alexandre Alanio, Valerie Letscher-Bru, Emilie Guemas, Guillaume Desoubeaux, Karine Boukris-Sitbon, Olivier Lortholary, Fanny Lanternier, Marie Desnos-Ollivier, Sebastien ImbertComments to Author , and WAIT-IV Study Group,3
Author affiliation: CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M. Lefranc, P. Baudino, C. Plaisant, L. Delhaes, S. Imbert); Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux (M. Lefranc, S. Imbert); Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (A. Pain, K. Boukris-Sitbon, O. Lortholary, M. Desnos-Ollivier, F. Lanternier); CHU Dijon, Dijon, France (F. Dalle); CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France (T. Chouaki); CHU d’Antibes Juan les Pins, Antibes, France (J. Dorin); CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France (A.-P. Bellanger); CHU Caen, Caen, France (J. Bonhomme); CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France (M. Moniot); AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, Paris (C. Rouges); CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France (F. Botterel); CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (G. Pasquier); CHU Nice, Nice, France (L. Hasseine); CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France (E. Perraud-Cateau); CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France (J.-P. Gangneux); CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France (D. Costa); Sorbonne Universite, Paris (J. Guitard); Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris (J. Guitard); Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris (A. Alanio); Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (V. Letscher-Bru); CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France (E. Guemas); CHU de Tours, Tours, France (G. Desoubeaux)

Main Article

Figure 2

Phylogenetic tree of Wickerhamomyces anomalus isolates in study of invasive W. anomalus infections among injecting drug users, France, 2012–2024. Tree is based on genomewide SNPs from 53 W. anomalus isolates collected in the study and 11 publicly available genomes (isolate names starting with SRR) and was developed by neighbor-joining method. The P column indicates the IDU status of the patient from whom each isolate originated. The C column denotes phylogenetic clade. Matching colored shading on isolate names indicates those isolates belong to the same patient. Green bars represent assembled genome size of 13.9–29.7 Mb. Variation in assembly size reflects levels of genomic heterozygosity: isolates with extensive loss of heterozygosity (clade 1) have smaller assemblies caused by haplotype collapse, whereas highly heterozygous isolates have larger assemblies with uncollapsed haplotypes. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values. Scale bar represents genetic distance (proportion of differing SNPs). IDU, injecting drug use; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of Wickerhamomyces anomalus isolates in study of invasive W. anomalus infections among injecting drug users, France, 2012–2024. Tree is based on genomewide SNPs from 53 W. anomalus isolates collected in the study and 11 publicly available genomes (isolate names starting with SRR) and was developed by neighbor-joining method. The P column indicates the IDU status of the patient from whom each isolate originated. The C column denotes phylogenetic clade. Matching colored shading on isolate names indicates those isolates belong to the same patient. Green bars represent assembled genome size of 13.9–29.7 Mb. Variation in assembly size reflects levels of genomic heterozygosity: isolates with extensive loss of heterozygosity (clade 1) have smaller assemblies caused by haplotype collapse, whereas highly heterozygous isolates have larger assemblies with uncollapsed haplotypes. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values. Scale bar represents genetic distance (proportion of differing SNPs). IDU, injecting drug use; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.

Main Article

1Preliminary results from this study were presented at ESCMID Global 2025; April 11–15, 2025; Vienna, Austria; and at the annual congress of the Société Française de Mycologie Médicale; June 18–20, 2025; Amiens, France.

2These authors contributed equally to this article.

3Additional members of the WAIT-IV Study Group are listed at the end of this article.

Page created: August 10, 2026
Page updated: August 26, 2026
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