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Volume 5, Number 1—February 1999
Perspective

Socioeconomic and Behavioral Factors Leading to Acquired Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics in Developing Countries

Iruka N. Okeke*, Adebayo Lamikanra*, and Robert Edelman†Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria;; †University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Main Article

Table 1

Pathogens with a steadily increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance in developing tropical countries

Pathogen Drug(s) Country (years) Ref.
Shigella flexneri,
S. dysenteriae ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfonamides (alone or with trimethoprim), nalidixic acid Bangladesh (1983-1990)
Brazil (1988-1993)
Rwanda (1983-1993)
Thailand (1981-1995) (6)
(7)
(8)
(5)
Vibrio cholerae cotrimethoxazole, nalidixic acid, ampicillin Guinea-Bissau (1987-1995)
India (1993-1995) (9) (10)
Salmonella typhi ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimethoxazole Bangladesh (1989-1993) (3)
Salmonella (nontyphoidal) cotrimethoxazole Thailand (1981-1995) (5)
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli cotrimethoxazole Thailand (1981-1995) (5)
Campylobacter fluoroquinolones Thailand (1987-1995) (5)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampicin (primary resistance) Kenya (1981-1990)
Morocco (1992-1994) (11) (12)

Main Article

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