Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 5, Number 1—February 1999
Research

Dual and Recombinant Infections: An Integral Part of the HIV-1 Epidemic in Brazil

Artur Ramos*†, Amilcar Tanuri†, Mauro Schechter†, Mark A. Rayfield*, Dale J. Hu*, Maulori C. Cabral†, Claudiu I. Bandea*, James Baggs‡, and Danuta Pieniazek*Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; †Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; ‡Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Main Article

Table 1

Sensitivity of detection of HIV-1 dual infections caused by viruses of subtypes B and F

No. of viral subtype
 Ratio
F:B No. of experiments AluI digestion patterns of prt
F B B F B&F
100 100 1:1 1 – – +
50 50 1:1 4 – – +
25 25 1:1 4 – + (1) + (3)
10 10 1:1 4 – – +
5 5 1:1 4 – + (3) + (1)
100 5 20:1 2 – + (1) + (1)
100 10 10:1 2 – + (1) + (1)
100 25 4:1 2 – + –
100 50 2:1 2 – – +
5 100 1:20 1 – – +
10 100 1:10 1 – – +
25 100 1:4 1 – – +
50 100 1:2 1 – – +
100 0 3 – + –
50 0 3 – + –
25 0 3 – + –
10 0 3 – + –
5 0 2 – + –
0 100 3 + – –
0 50 2 + – –
0 25 3 + – –
0 10 3 + – –
0 5 3 + – –

Absence (-) and presence (+) of AluI digestion pattern of prt characteristic for subtype B, subtype F, and combination of subtypes B and F (Figure 1). The cloned proviral DNA of HIV-1 subtypes B and F spanning a 1444-bp fragment from p24 gag to rt was used for the nested PCR amplification of prt. Amplified products were digested with AluI restriction enzyme, and the presence of two digestion patterns was analyzed on a 10% polyacrylamide gel by ethidium-bromide staining.

Main Article

References
  1. Leitner  T. Genetic subtypes of HIV-1. In: Myers G, Foley B, Mellors JW, Korber B, Jeang KT, Wain-Hobson S, editors. Human Retroviruses and AIDS. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico; 1996: III28-40.
  2. Hu  DJ, Dondero  TJ, Rayfield  MA, George  JR, Schochetman  G, Jaffe  HW, The emerging genetic diversity of HIV. The importance of global surveillance for diagnostics, research, and prevention. JAMA. 1996;275:210–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Robertson  DL, Sharp  PM, McCutchan  FE, Hahn  BH. Recombination in HIV-1. Nature. 1995;374:124–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Artenstein  AW, VanCott  TC, Mascola  JR, Carr  JC, Hegerich  PA, Gaywee  J, Dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 of distinct envelope subtypes in humans. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:805–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Pieniazek  D, Janini  LM, Ramos  A, Tanuri  A, Schechter  M, Peralta  JM, HIV-1 patients may harbor viruses of different phylogenetic subtypes: implications for the evolution of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 1995;1:86–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Janini  LM, Tanuri  A, Schechter  M, Peralta  JM, Vicente  AC, Dela Torre  N, Horizontal and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dual infections caused by viruses of subtypes B and C. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:227–31. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Janini  LM, Pieniazek  D, Peralta  JM, Schechter  M, Tanuri  A, Vicente  AC, Identification of single and dual infections with distinct subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Virus Genes. 1996;13:69–81. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Moran  N, Soler  A, Flores  I, Alegria  M, Vera  M, Pieniazek  D, Multi-strain HIV-1 infection among female sex workers in Puerto Rico: emerging pattern of HIV-1 epidemic. 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections [abstract 170]. Washington DC, January 1997.
  9. Kampinga  G, Simonon  A, van de Perre  P, Karita  E, Maellati  P, Goudsmit  J. Primary infections with HIV of women and their offspring in Rwanda: Findings of heterogeneity at seroconversion, coinfection and recombinants of HIV-1 subtypes A and C. Virology. 1997;227:63–76. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Takehisa  J, Zekeng  L, Mlura  T, Ido  E, Yamashita  M, Mboudjeka  I, Triple HIV-1 infection with group O and group M of different clades in a single Cameroonian AIDS patient. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1997;14:81–2.
  11. Pieniazek  D, Janini  ML, Ramos  A, Bandea  C, Soriano  V, Downing  R, Mixed infections with HIV-1 strains of different phylogenetic subtypes: implication for the evolution of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections [abstract]. Washington DC, January 1996.
  12. Carr  JK, Salminen  MO, Koch  D, Gotte  A, Artenstein  AW, Hegerich  PA. at al. Full length sequence and mosaic structure of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate from Thailand. J Virol. 1996;70:5935–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Wasi  C, Herring  B, Raktham  S, Vanichseni  S, Mastro  TD, Young  NL, Determination of HIV-1 subtypes in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand, using peptide-binding enzyme immunoassay and heteroduplex mobility assay: evidence of increasing infection with HIV-1 subtype E. AIDS. 1995;9:843–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Abimicu  AG, Stern  TL, Zwandor  A. Subgroup G HIV-type 1 isolates from Nigeria. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994;10:1581–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Brazilian Ministry of Health. Boletim Epidemiologico-AIDS: Semana Epidemiologica-36 a 48-setembro a novembro de 1997. 1997;10:no 04 [http//www.aids.gov.br].
  16. Potts  KE, Kalish  ML, Lott  T, Orloff  G, Luo  CC, Bernard  MA, Genetic heterogeneity of the V3 region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein in Brazil. AIDS. 1993;7:1191–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Pinto  ME, Tanuri  A, Schechter  M. Molecular and epidemiologic evidence for the discontinuous introduction of subtypes B and F into Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1998. In press.
  18. Louwagie  J, Delwart  EL, Mullins  JI, McCutchan  FE, Eddy  G, Burke  DS, Genetic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from Brazil reveals presence of two distinct genetic subtypes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994;10:561–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Morgado  MG, Sabino  EC, Shpaer  EG, Bongertz  V, Brigido  L, Guimaraes  MD, V3 region polymorphisms in HIV-1 from Brazil: prevalence of subtype B strains divergent from North American/European prototype and detection of subtype F. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994;10:569–76. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. World Health Organization. HIV type 1 variation in World Health Organization-sponsored vaccine evaluation sites: genetic screening, sequence analysis, and preliminary biological characterization of selected viral strains. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994;10:1327–43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Sabino  EC, Diaz  RS, Brigido  LF, Learn  GH, Mullins  JI, Reingold  AL, Distribution of HIV-1 subtypes seen in an AIDS clinic in Sao Paulo City, Brazil. AIDS. 1996;10:1579–84.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Sabino  EC, Shpaer  EG, Morgado  MG, Korber  BT, Diaz  RS, Bongertz  V, Identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope genes recombinant between subtypes B and F in two epidemiologically linked individuals from Brazil. J Virol. 1994;68:6340–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Schechter  M, Zajdenverg  R, Machado  LL, Pinto  ME, Lima  LA, Perez  MA. Predicting CD4 counts in HIV-infected Brazilian individuals: a model based on the World Health Organization staging system. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1994;7:163–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Zhu  T, Wang  N, Carr  A, Wolinsky  S, Ho  D. Evidence for coinfection by multiple strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B in an acute seroconvertor. J Virol. 1995;69:1324–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Delwart  EL, Shpaer  EG, Louwagie  J, McCutchan  FE, Grez  M, Rubsamen-Waigmann  H, Genetic relationships determined by a DNA heteroduplex mobility assay: analysis of HIV-1 env genes. Science. 1993;262:1257–61. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Ou  CY, Ciesielski  CA, Myers  G, Bandea  CI, Luo  CC, Korber  BT, Molecular epidemiology of HIV transmission in a dental practice. Science. 1992;256:1165–71. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Higgins  DG, Sharp  PM. Fast and sensitive multiple sequence alignments on a microcomputer. Comput Appl Biosci. 1989;5:151–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Maidak  BL, Larsen  N, McCaughey  MJ, Overbeek  R, Olsen  GJ, Fogel  K, The Ribosomal Database Project. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:3485–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Felsenstein  J. PHYLIP-phylogeny interference package (version 3.2). Cladistics. 1989;5:164–6.
  30. Meyerhans  A, Vartanian  JP, Wain-Hobson  S. DNA recombination during PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990;18:1687–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Simmonds  P, Balfe  P, Peutherer  JF, Ludlam  CA, Bishop  JO, Brown  AJ. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low copy numbers. J Virol. 1990;64:864–72.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. World Health Organization. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): interim proposal for a WHO staging system for HIV infection and disease. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1990;65:221–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Cornelissen  M, Kampinga  G, Zorgdrager  F, Goudsmit  J; UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes defined by env show high frequency of recombinant gag genes. J Virol. 1996;70:8209–12.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Tanuri  A, Swanson  P, Devare  S, Berro  OJ, Savedra  A, Costa  LJ, HIV-1 subtypes among blood donors from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1998. In press.

Main Article

Page created: December 10, 2010
Page updated: December 10, 2010
Page reviewed: December 10, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external