Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 13, Number 11—November 2007
Research

Epidemiologic and Virologic Investigation of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Southern Vietnam, 2005

Phan Van Tu*, Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao*, David Perera†, Khanh Huu Truong‡, Nguyen Thi Kim Tien*, Tang Chi Thuong‡, Ooi Mong How§, Mary Jane Cardosa†, and Peter Charles McMinn¶Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; †Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia; ‡Children’s Hospital No. 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; §Sibu General Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia; ¶University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;

Main Article

Figure 5

Dendrogram constructed by using the neighbor-joining method (25) showing the genetic relationships between 23 human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) strains isolated in southern Vietnam during 2005 (underlined), based on the alignment of complete VP1 gene sequences. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of nucleotide differences. The bootstrap values in 1,000 pseudoreplicates for major lineages within the tree are shown as percentages. The marker denotes a measurement of relative phylogenetic distance. Strain names indicate a unique numerical abbreviation of country and year of isolation. Asterisks (*) denote HEV71 isolates obtained from fatal cases. The prototype coxsackievirus 16 (CVA16)–G10 strain (28) was used as an outgroup. The dendrogram shows genogroups A, B, and C as identified by Brown et al. (24). Details of the strains used to prepare the dendrogram are shown in Table 1.

Figure 5. Dendrogram constructed by using the neighbor-joining method (25) showing the genetic relationships between 23 human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) strains isolated in southern Vietnam during 2005 (underlined), based on the alignment of complete VP1 gene sequences. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of nucleotide differences. The bootstrap values in 1,000 pseudoreplicates for major lineages within the tree are shown as percentages. The marker denotes a measurement of relative phylogenetic distance. Strain names indicate a unique numerical abbreviation of country and year of isolation. Asterisks (*) denote HEV71 isolates obtained from fatal cases. The prototype coxsackievirus 16 (CVA16)–G10 strain (28) was used as an outgroup. The dendrogram shows genogroups A, B, and C as identified by Brown et al. (24). Details of the strains used to prepare the dendrogram are shown in Table 1.

Main Article

References
  1. Grist  NR, Bell  EJ, Assaad  F. Enteroviruses in human disease. Prog Med Virol. 1978;24:114–57.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Stanway  G, Brown  F, Christian  P, Hovi  T, Hyypia  T, King  AMQ, Family Picornaviridae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, editors. Virus taxonomy: eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005. p. 757–78.
  3. Brown  BA, Pallansch  MA. Complete nucleotide sequence of enterovirus 71 is distinct from poliovirus. Virus Res. 1995;39:195–205. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. McMinn  PC. An overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public health significance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2002;26:91–107. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Schmidt  NJ, Lennette  EH, Ho  HH. An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients with disease of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis. 1974;129:304–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Cardosa  MJ, Perera  D, Brown  BA, Cheon  D, Chan  HM, Chan  KP, Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 strains and recent outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region: comparative analysis of the VP1 and VP4 genes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:461–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Chan  LG, Parashar  UD, Lye  MS, Ong  FG, Zaki  SR, Alexander  JP, Deaths of children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Sarawak, Malaysia: clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:678–83. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Ho  M, Chen  ER, Hsu  KH, Twu  SJ, Chen  KT, Tsai  SF, An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:929–35. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. McMinn  P, Lindsay  K, Perera  D, Chan  HM, Chan  KP, Cardosa  MJ. Phylogenetic analysis of enterovirus 71 strains isolated during linked epidemics in Malaysia, Singapore, and Western Australia. J Virol. 2001;75:7732–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Nolan  MA, Craig  ME, Lahra  MM, Rawlinson  WD, Prager  PC, Williams  GD, Survival after pulmonary edema due to enterovirus 71 encephalitis. Neurology. 2003;60:1651–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Herrero  LJ, Lee  CS, Hurrelbrink  RJ, Chua  BH, Chua  KB, McMinn  PC. Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in peninsular Malaysia, 1997–2000. Arch Virol. 2003;148:1369–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Tagaya  I, Tachibana  K. Epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in Japan, 1972–1973: difference in epidemiologic and virologic features from the previous one. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1975;28:231–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Li  L, He  Y, Yang  H, Zhu  J, Xu  X, Dong  J, Genetic characteristics of human enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 circulating from 1999 to 2004 in Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:3835–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Kennett  ML, Birch  CJ, Lewis  FA, Yung  AP, Locarnini  SA, Gust  ID. Enterovirus type 71 infection in Melbourne. Bull World Health Organ. 1974;51:609–15.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Gilbert  GL, Dickson  KE, Waters  MJ, Kennett  ML, Land  SA, Sneddon  M. Outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Victoria, Australia, with a high incidence of neurologic involvement. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988;7:484–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. McMinn  P, Stratov  I, Nagarajan  L, Davis  S. Neurological manifestations of enterovirus 71 infection in children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Western Australia. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:236–42. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Lin  TY, Twu  SJ, Ho  MS, Chang  LY, Lee  CY. Enterovirus 71 outbreaks, Taiwan: occurrence and recognition. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:291–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Wu  TN, Tsai  SF, Li  SF, Lee  TF, Huang  TM, Wang  ML, Sentinel surveillance for enterovirus 71, Taiwan, 1998. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:458–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Romero  JR, Rotbart  HA. PCR detection of human enterovirus. In: Persing DH, Smith TF, Tenover FC, White TJ, editors. Diagnostic molecular microbiology: principles and applications. Washington: ASM Press; 1993. p. 401–6.
  20. Ishiko  H, Shimada  Y, Yonaha  M, Hashimoto  O, Hayashi  A, Sakae  K, Molecular diagnosis of human enteroviruses by phylogeny-based classification by use of the VP4 sequence. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:744–54. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Brown  BA, Kilpatrick  DR, Oberste  MS, Pallansch  MA. Serotype-specific identification of enterovirus 71 by PCR. J Clin Virol. 2000;16:107–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Perera  D, Podin  Y, Akin  W, Tan  WS, Cardosa  MJ. Incorrect identification of recent Asian strains of Coxsackievirus A16 as human enterovirus 71: improved primers for the specific detection of human enterovirus 71 by RT-PCR. BMC Infect Dis. 2004;4:11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Oberste  MS, Nix  WA, Maher  K, Pallansch  MA. Improved molecular identification of enteroviruses by RT-PCR and amplicon sequencing. J Clin Virol. 2003;26:375–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Brown  BA, Oberste  MS, Alexander  JP, Kennett  ML, Pallansch  MA. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of enterovirus 71 strains isolated from 1970 to 1998. J Virol. 1999;73:9969–75.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Thompson  JD, Higgins  GD, Gibson  TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:4673–80. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Felsenstein  J. PHYLIP—phylogeny inference package (version 3.5). Cladistics. 1989;5:164–6.
  27. Page  RD. TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci. 1996;12:357–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Genetics Computer Group. Program manual for the Wisconsin GCG package, 8.0 1994 edition. Madison (WI): Genetics Computer Group; 1994.
  29. Pöyry  T, Hyypiä  T, Horsnell  C, Kinnunen  L, Hovi  T, Stanway  G. Molecular analysis of Coxsackievirus A16 reveals a new genetic group of enteroviruses. Virology. 1994;202:982–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Wang  SM, Liu  CC, Tseng  HW, Wang  JR, Huang  CC, Chen  JY, Clinical spectrum of enterovirus 71 infection in children in southern Taiwan, with emphasis on neurological complications. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:184–90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Huang  CC, Liu  CC, Chang  YC, Chen  CY, Wang  ST, Yeh  TF. Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:936–42. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Lu  CY, Lee  CY, Kao  CL, Shao  WY, Lee  PI, Twu  SJ, Incidence and case-fatality rates resulting from the 1998 enterovirus 71 outbreak in Taiwan. J Med Virol. 2002;67:217–23. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Shimizu  H, Utama  A, Yoshii  K, Yoshida  H, Yoneyama  T, Sinniah  M, Enterovirus 71 from fatal and nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan in 1997–1998. Jpn J Infect Dis. 1999;52:12–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Podin  Y, Gias  EL, Ong  F, Leong  YW, Yee  SF, Yusof  MA, Sentinel surveillance for human enterovirus 71 in Sarawak, Malaysia: lessons from the first seven years. BMC Public Health 2006;6:180 [cited 2007 Jul 7]. Available from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/180
  35. Shimizu  H, Utama  A, Onnimala  N, Li  C, Li-Bi  Z, Yu-Jie  M. Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in the Western Pacific region. Pediatr Int. 2004;46:231–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Sanders  SA, Herrero  LJ, McPhie  K, Chow  SSW, Craig  ME, Dwyer  DE, Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 over two decades in an Australian urban community. Arch Virol. 2006;151:1003–13. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: July 06, 2010
Page updated: July 06, 2010
Page reviewed: July 06, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external