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Volume 13, Number 12—December 2007
Perspective

Effects of Local Anthropogenic Changes on Potential Malaria Vector Anopheles hyrcanus and West Nile Virus Vector Culex modestus, Camargue, France

Nicolas Ponçon*, Thomas Balenghien†‡, Céline Toty*, Jean Baptiste Ferré§, Cyrille Thomas¶, Alain Dervieux#, Grégory L’Ambert§, Francis Schaffner§**, Olivier Bardin§, and Didier Fontenille*Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France; †École Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l’Étoile, France; ‡Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France; §Entente Interdépartementale pour la Démoustication Méditerranée, Montpellier, France; ¶Centre Français du Riz, Arles, France; #Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Arles, France; **University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;

Main Article

Appendix Figure

Changes in vector abundance and rice cultivation related to economic and agronomic contexts in the Camargue, France. Ha, hectares. Rice surface, insecticide-sprayed surface, and human mosquito-landing collection data were smoothed with a centered moving average (running mean) of 3 years to filter short-term variations. *Insecticide sprayed surface, only insecticides having an effect on mosquito larvae (i.e., fenithrotion, trichlorfon, chlorphenamidine, and alphamethrin) were included; surfaces sprayed with lepidopteron-specific insecticide (i.e., tebufenozide and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) were not included. Sprayed surfaces were precisely known from 1972 to 1974 and from 2000 to 2006 and were estimated from 1990 to 1999. ‡Anopheles hyrcanus is the main potential malaria vector, and Culex modestus is the main West Nile virus vector in the Camargue. §No data on sprayings, years 1975–1989, for which no quantitative data on sprayed surfaces were available.

Appendix Figure. Changes in vector abundance and rice cultivation related to economic and agronomic contexts in the Camargue, France. Ha, hectares. Rice surface, insecticide-sprayed surface, and human mosquito-landing collection data were smoothed with a centered moving average (running mean) of 3 years to filter short-term variations. *Insecticide sprayed surface, only insecticides having an effect on mosquito larvae (i.e., fenithrotion, trichlorfon, chlorphenamidine, and alphamethrin) were included; surfaces sprayed with lepidopteron-specific insecticide (i.e., tebufenozide and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) were not included. Sprayed surfaces were precisely known from 1972 to 1974 and from 2000 to 2006 and were estimated from 1990 to 1999. ‡Anopheles hyrcanus is the main potential malaria vector, and Culex modestus is the main West Nile virus vector in the Camargue. §No data on sprayings, years 1975–1989, for which no quantitative data on sprayed surfaces were available.

Main Article

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Page updated: July 06, 2010
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