Volume 13, Number 6—June 2007
Research
Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Escherichia coli from Humans and Poultry Products, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 2002–2004
, Mark R. Sannes*†1, Cynthia Croy*†, Brian Johnston*†, Connie Clabots*†, Michael A. Kuskowski*†, Jeff Bender‡, Kirk E. Smith§, Patricia L. Winokur¶#, and Edward A. Belongia**
Table 2
Bacterial traits by source and antimicrobial drug resistance in 243 extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) isolates from human feces and poultry products, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 2002–2004*
| Trait†‡§ | Prevalence, no. (%) |
p value¶ |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 243) | Human, susceptible (n = 144) | Human, resistant (n = 20) | Poultry (n = 79) | HS vs. HR | HS vs. all poultry | HR vs. all poultry | |
| Group A | 20 (8) | 5 (3) | 5 (25) | 10 (13) | ≤0.01# | ||
| Group B1 | 7 (3) | 0 | 0 | 7 (9) | ≤0.001# | ≤0.001# | |
| Group B2 | 154 (63) | 125 (87) | 6 (30) | 23 (29) | ≤0.001 | ||
| Group D | 62 (26) | 14 (10) | 9 (45) | 39 (49) | ≤0.001# | ||
| papA | 117 (48) | 97 (67) | 7 (35) | 13 (16) | ≤0.01 | ≤0.001 | |
| F10 allele | 38 (16) | 32 (10) | 5 (25) | 1 (1) | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | |
| F16 allele | 12 (5) | 5 (3) | 5 (25) | 2 (3) | ≤0.01# | ≤0.01 | |
| F48 allele | 21 (9) | 21 (15) | 0 | 0 | ≤0.001 | ||
| papG III | 44 (18) | 44 (31) | 0 | 0 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.001 | |
| sfa/focDE | 62 (26) | 61 (42) | 1 (5) | 0 | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | |
| sfaS | 35 (14) | 33 (23) | 1 (5) | 1 (1) | ≤0.001 | ||
| focG | 13 (5) | 12 (8) | 1 (5) | 0 | ≤0.01 | ||
| afa/draBC | 15 (6) | 11 (8) | 4 (20) | 0 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.001 | |
| iha | 52 (22) | 38 (26) | 16 (80) | 0 | ≤0.001# | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 |
| hra | 108 (44) | 67 (47) | 2 (10) | 39 (49) | ≤0.001 | ≤0.01# | |
| cnf1 | 54 (22) | 51 (35) | 2 (10) | 1 (1) | ≤0.001 | ||
| hlyD | 67 (28) | 67 (28) | 2 (10) | 2 (3) | ≤0.01 | ≤0.001 | |
| hlyF | 73 (30) | 28 (19) | 1 (5) | 44 (57) | ≤0.001# | ≤0.001# | |
| sat | 61 (25) | 46 (32) | 15 (75) | 0 (0) | ≤0.001# | ≤0.001# | ≤0.001# |
| pic | 34 (14) | 30 (21) | 0 | 4 (5) | ≤0.01 | ||
| tsh | 131 (54) | 113 (78) | 3 (15) | 15 (19) | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | |
| astA | 48 (20) | 7 (5) | 1 (5) | 40 (51) | ≤0.001# | ≤0.001# | |
| iutA | 162 (67) | 67 (47) | 18 (90) | 77 (97) | ≤0.001# | ||
| iroN | 118 (49) | 78 (54) | 3 (15) | 37 (47) | ≤0.001 | ≤0.01# | |
| fyuA | 199 (82) | 138 (96) | 17 (85) | 44 (56) | ≤0.001 | ||
| kpsM II | 215 (89) | 137 (95) | 16 (80) | 62 (78) | ≤0.001 | ||
| K5 kpsM | 35 (14) | 28 (19) | 4 (20) | 3 (4) | ≤0.001 | ||
| iss | 69 (28) | 23 (16) | 2 (10) | 44 (56) | ≤0.001# | ≤0.001# | |
| usp | 144 (59) | 127 (88) | 6 (30) | 11 (14) | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | |
| H7 fliC | 52 (21) | 52 (36) | 0 | 0 | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | |
| ompT | 184 (76) | 131 (91) | 9 (50) | 40 (51) | ≤0.01 | ≤0.001 | |
| malX | 152 (63) | 134 (93) | 7 (35) | 1 (14) | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | |
*Susceptible, susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid (quinolones), and ceftriaxone or ceftazidime (extended-spectrum cephalosporins), regardless of other possible drug resistance; resistant, resistant to >1 of the following: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid (quinolones), and ceftriaxone or ceftazidime (extended-spectrum cephalosporins).
†Traits are shown that showed p≤0.01 for ≥1 comparison each. Groups A, B1, B2, and D, major E. coli phylogenetic groups; papA, P fimbriae structural subunit with variants F10, F16, and F48; papG III, variant P adhesin; sfa/focDE, S and F1C fimbriae; sfaS, S fimbriae; focG, F1C fimbriae; afa/draBC, Dr binding adhesins; iha, adhesin-siderophore receptor; hra, pathogenicity island marker; cnf1, cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1; hlyD, α-hemolysin; hlyF, variant hemolysin; sat, secreted autotransporter toxin; pic, autotransporter protease; tsh, autotransporter hemagglutinin; astA, enteroaggregative E. coli toxin; iutA, aerobactin system; iroN, siderophore receptor; fyuA, yersiniabactin receptor; kpsM II, group 2 capsule; K5 kpsM, kpsM II variant; iss, increased serum survival; usp, uropathogenic-specific protein; H7 fliC, flagellar variant; ompT, outer membrane protease; malX, pathogenicity island marker.
‡Traits that did not show p<0.01 but were detected in ≥1 isolate each include the F7–2, F8, F9, F11, F12, F12, F14, and F15 papA alleles, papC (P fimbriae assembly), papEF (P fimbriae tip pilins), papG alleles I and II (both internal and flanking sequences), afaE8 (variant Dr binding adhesin), gafD (G fimbriae), F17 fimbriae, fimH (type 1 fimbriae), clpG (adhesin), cdtB (cytolethal distending toxin B), ireA (siderophore receptor), kpsM III (group 3 capsule), K1 and K2 kpsM II variants, cvaC (microcin V), ibeA (invasion of brain endothelium), and rfc (O4 lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis).
§Traits not detected in any isolate include F7–1 and F536 papA alleles and K15 kpsM II variant.
¶By Fisher exact test. Values are shown only where p≤0.01. HS, susceptible isolates from humans; HR, drug-resistant isolates from humans. Because drug-resistant and drug-susceptible poultry isolates showed no significant differences, they were combined into an all-poultry group.
#Negative association.