Volume 14, Number 4—April 2008
Research
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection, Rural Egypt1
Sam M. Mbulaiteye*
, Ruth M. Pfeiffer*, Bryan Dolan*, Victor C.W. Tsang†, John Noh†, Nabiel N.H. Mikhail‡, Mohamed Abdel-Hamid§¶, Mohamed Hashem§¶, Denise Whitby#, G. Thomas Strickland¶, and James J. Goedert*
, Ruth M. Pfeiffer*, Bryan Dolan*, Victor C.W. Tsang†, John Noh†, Nabiel N.H. Mikhail‡, Mohamed Abdel-Hamid§¶, Mohamed Hashem§¶, Denise Whitby#, G. Thomas Strickland¶, and James J. Goedert*
Table 1
Prevalence and crude OR of association of HHV-8 seropositivity with demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics among male patients, Egypt*
| Characteristic |
n/N |
% |
OR |
95% CI |
p value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 52/235 | 22.1 | – | – | – |
| Age group, y | <0.001 | ||||
| 15–24 | 8/96 | 8.3 | Ref | – | – |
| 25–34 | 16/54 | 29.6 | 4.6 | 2.0–11.0 | – |
| 35–44 | 10/30 | 33.3 | 5.5 | 1.9–15.7 | – |
| >45 |
18/55 |
32.7 |
5.3 |
2.2–13.2 |
– |
| Education | 0.001 | ||||
| None | 19/50 | 38.0 | Ref | – | – |
| Primary | 22/100 | 22.0 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.0 | – |
| Secondary/postsecondary |
11/85 |
12.9 |
0.2 |
0.1–0.6 |
– |
| Job | 0.001 | ||||
| Student | 2/38 | 5.3 | Ref | – | – |
| Not working | 6/31 | 19.3 | 4.3 | 0.8–23.3 | – |
| Farmer | 25/87 | 28.7 | 7.3 | 1.6–32.4 | – |
| Trade, service, production | 13/63 | 20.6 | 4.7 | 1.1–20.0 | – |
| Technician/secretary |
6/16 |
37.5 |
10.8 |
1.9–61.3 |
– |
| Marital status | 0.004 | ||||
| Not married | 11/91 | 12.1 | Ref | – | – |
| Married | 39/136 | 28.7 | 3.1 | 1.4–6.5 | – |
| Separated/divorced/widowed |
2/8 |
25.0 |
7.6 |
1.0–60.8 |
– |
| Dental treatments | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 16/128 | 12.5 | Ref | – | – |
| Yes |
36/107 |
33.6 |
3.5 |
1.8–7.1 |
– |
| Tattoos | 0.53 | ||||
| No | 50/220 | 22.7 | Ref | – | – |
| Present |
2/15 |
13.3 |
0.5 |
0.1–2.5 |
– |
| HCV serostatus | 0.72 | ||||
| Negative | 48/214 | 22.4 | Ref | – | – |
| Positive |
4/21 |
19.0 |
0.8 |
0.3–2.5 |
– |
| Injections (lifetime) | 0.74 | ||||
| <10 | 20/72 | 20.8 | Ref | – | – |
| >10 |
37/163 |
22.7 |
1.1 |
0.6–2.1 |
– |
| Smoking | 0.02 | ||||
| Never | 23/138 | 16.7 | Ref | – | – |
| Ever |
29/97 |
29.9 |
2.1 |
1.1–4.0 |
– |
| Goza‡ | 0.77 | ||||
| Never | 42/193 | 21.8 | Ref | – | – |
| Ever |
10/42 |
23.8 |
1.1 |
0.5–2.4 |
– |
| Schistosomiasis | 0.43 | ||||
| Negative | 1/9 | 11.1 | Ref | – | – |
| Positive | 51/226 | 31.0 | 2.3 | 0.3–19.0 | – |
*OR, odds ratio; HHV-8, human herpesvirus 8; CI, confidence interval; Ref, referrent; HCV, hepatitis C virus.
†p value for age group and education is test for trend; otherwise, p value is test for heterogeneity
‡Goza is a method of tobacco smoking in which tobacco smoke passes through a water pipe.
1Results were presented, in part, at the 9th International Workshop on Kaposi’s Sarcoma–associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and Related Agents, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, July 12–15, 2006.
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