Volume 20, Number 3—March 2014
Research
Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence and Risk for Humans on Dairy Cattle Farms, the Netherlands, 2010–2011
B. Schimmer1
, N. Schotten1, E. van Engelen, J.L.A. Hautvast, P.M. Schneeberger, and Y.T.H.P. van Duijnhoven
, N. Schotten1, E. van Engelen, J.L.A. Hautvast, P.M. Schneeberger, and Y.T.H.P. van Duijnhoven
Table 3,
AppendixUnivariate logistic model of participant-based characteristics associated with Coxiella burnetii seropositivity among dairy cattle farm residents, the Netherlands, September 2010– March 2011*
| Variable | No. residents (% positive) | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| M | 431 (85.4) | 4.9 (3.5–6.9) |
| F |
323 (54.5) |
Reference |
| Age, y† | ||
| <35 | 169 (63.3) | Reference |
| 35–44 | 176 (74.4) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) |
| 45–54 | 252 (73.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) |
| >55 |
132 (80.3) |
2.4 (1.4–4.0) |
| Role | ||
| Farmer | 361 (87.3) | 5.7 (3.8–8.6) |
| Spouse | 222 (54.5) | Reference |
| Child <18 y | 52 (44.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
| Child >18 y | 54 (74.1) | 2.4 (1.2–4.6) |
| Other‡ |
40 (75.0) |
2.5 (1.2–5.4) |
| Presence in stable | ||
| Every day | 584 (78.3) | 8.4 (2.1–32.9) |
| Every week | 117 (51.3) | 2.5 (0.6–10.0) |
| Every month | 18 (50.0) | 2.3 (0.5–12.0) |
| <1 time/month |
10 (30.0) |
Reference |
| Work on the farm† | ||
| No | 42 (31.0) | Reference |
| Part time (1–39 h/wk) | 333 (60.7) | 3.3 (1.7–6.6) |
| Full time (>40 h/wk) |
354 (88.7) |
17.5 (8.4–36.4) |
| Care for calves | ||
| Yes | 501 (78.4) | 2.5 (1.8–3.5) |
| No |
228 (59.6) |
Reference |
| Milk cows | ||
| Yes | 442 (84.4) | 4.5 (3.2–6.4) |
| No |
287 (54.4) |
Reference |
| Feed cattle | ||
| Yes | 515 (81.6) | 4.3 (3.0–6.0) |
| No |
214 (50.9) |
Reference |
| Transport cattle | ||
| Yes | 414 (85.0) | 4.4 (3.1–6.3) |
| No |
315 (56.2) |
Reference |
| Provide health care for cattle | ||
| Yes | 440 (83.0) | 3.7 (2.7–5.3) |
| No |
288 (56.6) |
Reference |
| Provide birth care for cattle | ||
| Yes | 516 (80.8) | 3.8 (2.7–5.4) |
| No |
212 (52.4) |
Reference |
| Remove manure | ||
| Yes | 478 (83.3) | 4.6 (3.2–6.4) |
| No |
251 (52.2) |
Reference |
| Spread manure | ||
| Yes | 254 (86.6) | 3.5 (2.3–5.2) |
| No |
474 (65.2) |
Reference |
| Clean stables | ||
| Yes | 505 (80.2) | 3.3 (2.3–4.6) |
| No |
222 (55.4) |
Reference |
| No. of tasks (0–9) performed on farm†§ |
725 (72.7) |
1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
| Wear overalls† | ||
| Almost every time/regularly | 584 (76.7) | 2.5 (1.7–3.6) |
| Sometimes/never |
142 (57.0) |
Reference |
| Wear boots† | ||
| Almost every time/regularly | 646 (74.6) | 2.1 (1.3–3.4) |
| Sometimes/never |
81 (58.0) |
Reference |
| Use gloves during cattle birth care† | ||
| Fully compliant | 61 (70.5) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) |
| Partly or noncompliant | 456 (82.2) | Reference |
| No birth care |
211 (52.4) |
0.2 (0.2–0.3) |
| Use disinfectant during cattle birth care | ||
| Fully compliant | 141 (82.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) |
| Partly or noncompliant | 374 (80.5) | Reference |
| No birth care |
212 (53.3) |
0.3 (0.2–0.4) |
| Have contact with pigs at own or other farm†¶ | ||
| Yes | 83 (85.5) | 2.4 (1.3–4.6) |
| No |
646 (70.9) |
Reference |
| Have contact with sheep at own or other farm†¶ | ||
| Yes | 232 (75.9) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) |
| No |
497 (71.0) |
Reference |
| Have contact with poultry at own farm†¶ | ||
| Yes | 177 (67.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) |
| No |
578 (73.4) |
Reference |
| Have indirect contact with rats/mice at own farm†# | ||
| Yes | 213 (82.6) | 2.2 (1.5–3.3) |
| No |
516 (68.4) |
Reference |
| Have contact with dogs at own farm** | ||
| Yes | 538 (71.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
| No |
190 (76.8) |
Reference |
| Have contact with dogs at other farm†** | ||
| Yes | 273 (75.8) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) |
| No |
456 (70.6) |
Reference |
| Have contact with cows at other farm†** | ||
| Yes | 195 (82.6) | 2.2(1.4–3.3) |
| No |
532 (68.8) |
Reference |
| Have indirect contact with cows at other farm# | ||
| Yes | 326 (77.6) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) |
| No |
400 (68.3) |
Reference |
| Have contact with compost† | ||
| Yes | 139 (66.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
| No |
590 (74.1) |
Reference |
| Have contact with hay† | ||
| Daily (almost) | 505 (80.2) | 3.3 (2.3–4.6) |
| Weekly or less often |
222 (55.4) |
Reference |
| Have contact with cattle food† | ||
| Daily (almost) | 530 (80.9) | 4.2 (3.0–6.0) |
| Weekly or less often |
199 (50.3) |
Reference |
| Have contact with raw milk† | ||
| Daily (almost) | 507 (78.9) | 2.7 (1.9–3.8) |
| Weekly or less often |
221 (57.9) |
Reference |
| Have contact with sheep or goat manure† | ||
| Yes | 96 (80.2) | 1.6 (1.0–2.8) |
| No |
632 (71.4) |
Reference |
| Have contact with cattle manure† | ||
| Daily (almost) | 477 (83.0) | 4.4 (3.1–6.2) |
| Weekly or less often |
252 (52.8) |
Reference |
| Have contact with live–born animals | ||
| Yes | 626 (76.7) | 3.7 (2.4–5.7) |
| No |
102 (47.1) |
Reference |
| Have contact with stillborn animals | ||
| Yes | 304 (83.9) | 2.9 (2.0–4.1) |
| No |
424 (64.5) |
Reference |
| Have contact with placenta material or amniotic fluid† | ||
| Yes | 425 (84.2) | 4.2 (2.9–5.9) |
| No |
304 (56.3) |
Reference |
| Consume Brie cheese† | ||
| Yes | 166 (63.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) |
| No |
563 (75.1) |
Reference |
| Lived on a farm with animals during childhood† | ||
| Yes | 604 (76.4) | 2.8 (1. 9–4.2) |
| No | 125 (53.6) | Reference |
*Analysis was performed to assess the main participant-based characteristics associated with positivity (p<0.20 in likelihood ratio test). OR, odds ratio.
†Variables included in later multivariate analysis before manual backward elimination.
‡Represents other family members and employees.
§No. tasks (i.e., caring for calves, milking, feeding cattle, transport of cattle, general cattle health, assistance during calving, removing manure, spreading manure and cleaning the stables) performed on the farm by 1 person (0–9 tasks). Risk increases per task.
¶See animals at <5 meters or touch animals (contact).
#See animals at <5 meters (indirect contact).
**Touch animals (direct contact).
1These authors contributed equally to this article.
Page created: February 19, 2014
Page updated: February 19, 2014
Page reviewed: February 19, 2014
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