Volume 20, Number 3—March 2014
Research
Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence and Risk for Humans on Dairy Cattle Farms, the Netherlands, 2010–2011
B. Schimmer1
, N. Schotten1, E. van Engelen, J.L.A. Hautvast, P.M. Schneeberger, and Y.T.H.P. van Duijnhoven
, N. Schotten1, E. van Engelen, J.L.A. Hautvast, P.M. Schneeberger, and Y.T.H.P. van Duijnhoven
Table 4
Univariate logistic model of farm-based characteristics associated with Coxiella burnetii positivity among dairy cattle farm residents, the Netherlands, September 2010–March 2011*
| Variable | No. residents total (% positive) | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| No. cows on farm in 2008†‡ |
755 (72.1) |
1.0 (1.0–1.0) |
| Nearest bulk tank milk positive small-ruminant farm† | ||
| <8 km | 331 (75.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) |
| >8 km |
424 (69.1) |
Reference |
| Municipal cattle density, including beef calves§ |
755 (72.1) |
1.0 (1.0–1.0) |
| Farm location | ||
| Inside small-ruminant vaccination area | 202 (78.2) | 1.6 (1.0–2.3) |
| Outside small-ruminant vaccination area |
553 (69.8) |
Reference |
| Farm region† | ||
| South | 170 (80.6) | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) |
| Other |
585 (69.6) |
Reference |
| Beef cattle on the farm† | ||
| Yes | 79 (82.3) | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) |
| No |
652 (70.7) |
Reference |
| Annual peak in calving | ||
| Yes | 135 (76.3) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) |
| No |
601 (71.1) |
Reference |
| Automatic milking† | ||
| Yes | 154 (65.6) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
| No |
580 (73.8) |
Reference |
| Use of bedding in stables | ||
| Yes | 717 (72.4) | 1.9 (1.2–2.9) |
| No |
19 (57.9) |
Reference |
| Pet cat | ||
| Yes | 444 (69.1) | 0.6 (0. 5–0.9) |
| No |
285 (77.9) |
Reference |
| Pet rabbit | ||
| Yes | 202 (64.4) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) |
| No |
527 (75.7) |
Reference |
| Birds in stable† | ||
| Yes | 90 (82.2) | 1.9 (1.0–3.6) |
| No |
644 (70.5) |
Reference |
| Use of by-product feedstuffs† | ||
| Yes | 229 (77.3) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) |
| No |
507 (69.6) |
Reference |
| No. cows that calved in 2009‡ | 720 (71.8) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) |
| No. live-born calves | ||
| <78 | 335 (69.0) | Reference |
| >78 | 344 (74.1) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) |
| No. twin calves | ||
| 1–2 | 272 (69.9) | Reference |
| >3 |
313 (76.4) |
1.4 (1.0–2.0) |
| Type of farm management† | ||
| Closed herd | 515 (73.4) | Reference |
| Purchase of cattle |
213 (68.1) |
0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
| No. cattle purchase addresses in 2007† | ||
| 0 or 1 | 649 (72.7) | Reference |
| >2 |
76 (64.5) |
0.7 (0.4–1.0) |
| Farm boots and work clothes available for professional visitors | ||
| Yes | 662 (71.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) |
| No |
74 (78.4) |
Reference |
| Work clothes available for own personnel | ||
| Yes | 556 (73.6) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) |
| No | 180 (67.2) | Reference |
*The analysis included the primary farm-based factors associated with positivity (p<0.20 in likelihood ratio test). OR, odds ratio.
†Variable included in later multivariate analysis before manual backward elimination.
‡Risk increases per cow.
§Risk decreases per cow.
1These authors contributed equally to this article.
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