Volume 18, Number 11—November 2012
Research
HIV Infection and Geographically Bound Transmission of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Argentina
Table 3
Putative risk factors for case-patients with newly diagnosed multidrug-resistant TB in 7 major genotype clusters, Argentina 2003–2009
Cluster (SIT)* | Area | Total no. case-patients | Risk factor, no. (%) case-patients |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Previously treated for TB | HIV positive | HCWs | Other hospital exposure† | Prison | Household exposure | Unknown | |||
M H2 (2) | Buenos Aries | 228 | 78 (34.2) | 116 (50.9) | 21 (9.2) | 38 (16.7) | 23 (10.1) | 29 (12.7) | 19 (8.3) |
Ra LAM3 (33) | Rosario | 89 | 40 (44.9) | 28 (31.5) | 2 (2.2) | 10 (11.2) | 17 (19.1) | 16 (18.0) | 14 (15.7) |
Rb Tuscany (159) | Buenos Aries, Rosario | 38 | 11 (28.9) | 22 (57.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 13‡ (34.2) | 6 (15.8) |
Pr LAM9 (42) | Buenos Aries | 26 | 10 (38.5) | 10 (38.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (7.7) | 15 (57.7) | 5 (19.2) | 2 (7.7) |
At T1 (53) | Atlantic Coast | 21 | 9 (42.9) | 7 (33.3) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (9.5) | 7 (33.3) | 2 (9.5) |
Ob LAM5 (725) | Buenos Aries | 18 | 7 (38.9) | 4 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (16.7) | 5 (27.8) | 2 (11.1) |
Os LAM5 (93) | Salta | 18 | 7 (38.9) | 6 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (5.6) | 9 (50.0) | 2 (11.1) |
*Sum does not equal total because of patients with more than one risk factor. Buenos Aires includes the city and surroundings. MDR, multidrug-resistant; TB, tuberculosis; SIT, Shared International Spoligo Type according to Brudey et al. (13); HCW, health care workers.
†Previous hospitalization(s) or concomitant condition.
‡Ten of these case-patients shared a single residence with transvestite sex workers.
References
- de Kantor IN, Ritacco V, Barrera L. Is multidrug-resistant tuberculosis an emergent infection in Buenos Aires? [in Spanish]. Medicina (B Aires). 1996;56:102–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ritacco V, Reniero A, Ambroggi M, Barrera LB, López B, Di Lonardo M, Inter-hospital spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tuber Lung Dis. 1996;77(Suppl 2):63.
- Morcillo N, Alito A, Romano MI, Cataldi A, Dolmann A, Reniero A, Multidrug resistant tuberculosis outbreak in Buenos Aires. DNA fingerprinting analysis of isolates. Medicina (B Aires). 1996;56:45–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ritacco V, Di Lonardo M, Reniero A, Ambroggi M, Barrera L, Dambrosi A, Nosocomial spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Buenos Aires. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:637–42. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Poggio G, Togneri A, Reniero A, Insúa A, Guerra R, Dinerstein E, AIDS-related multidrug resistant tuberculosis “M” strain spreads within two hospitals in Buenos Aires suburbs. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1997;1(Supp1):523.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Palmero D, Ritacco V, Ambroggi M, Marcela N, Barrera L, Capone L, Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:965–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Aita J, Barrera L, Reniero A, López B, Biglione J, Weisburd G, Hospital transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Rosario, Argentina. Medicina (B Aires). 1996;56:48–50.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- World Health Organization. Guidelines for surveillance of drug resistance in tuberculosis. WHO/HTM/TB/2009.442. Geneva: The Organization; 2009.
- World Health Organization. Policy guidance on TB drug susceptibility testing (DST) of second-line drugs. WHO/HTM/TB/2008.392. Geneva: The Organization; 2008.
- van Embden JDA, Cave MD, Crawford JT, Dale JW, Eisenach KD, Gicquel B, Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting: recommendations for a standardized methodology. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:406–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, van Agterveld M, van Soolingen D, Kuijper S, Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:907–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Heersma HF, Kremer K, van Embden J. Computer analysis of IS6110 RFLP patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods Mol Biol. 1998;101:395–422.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Abadia E, Zhang J, dos Vultos T, Ritacco V, Kremer K, Aktas E, Resolving lineage assignation on Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates classified by spoligotyping with a new high-throughput 3R SNPs based method. Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10:1066–74. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Palmero D, Ritacco V, Ruano S, Ambroggi M, Cusmano L, Romano M, Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis outbreak in transvestite sex workers, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9:1168–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pando MA, De Salvo C, Bautista CT, Eyzaguirre L, Carrion G, Feola M, Human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis in Argentina: prevalence, genotypes and risk factors. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:190–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ritacco V, Morgado M, Garcia LF. The situation of HIV/M. tuberculosis in South America. Open Infect Dis J. 2011, 5, (Suppl 1–M7) 81–88 [cited May 20, 2012]. http://benthamscience.com/open/toidj/articles/V005/SI0013TOIDJ/81TOIDJ.htm
- Waisman JL, Palmero DJ, Güemes-Gurtubay JL, Videla JJ, Moretti B, Cantero M, Evaluation of the control measures adopted against an epidemic of AIDS-related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a Latin-American hospital [in Spanish]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2006;24:71–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gonzalo X, Ambroggi M, Cordova E, Brown T, Poggi S, Drobniewski F. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:528–31. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Candia N, Lopez B, Zozio T, Carrivale M, Diaz C, Russomando G, First insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity in Paraguay. BMC Microbiol. 2007;7:75. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Aristimuño L, Armengol R, Cebollada A, España M, Guilarte A, Lafoz C, Molecular characterisation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in the First National Survey of Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance from Venezuela. BMC Microbiol. 2006;6:90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lazzarini LC, Huard RC, Boechat NL, Gomes HM, Oelemann MC, Kurepina N, Discovery of a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage that is a major cause of tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:3891–902. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ritacco V, Iglesias MJ, Ferrazoli L, Monteserin J, Dalla Costa ER, Cebollada A, Conspicuous multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis cluster strains do not trespass country borders in Latin America and Spain. Infect Genet Evol. 2012;12:711–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Burgos MV, Méndez JC, Ribon W. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis: methodology and applications. Biomedica. 2004;24(Supp1):188–201.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gagneux S, DeRiemer K, Van T, Kato-Maeda M, de Jong BC, Narayanan S, Variable host-pathogen compatibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:2869–73. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Palmero D, Ritacco V, Ambroggi M, Poggi S, Güemes Gurtubay J, Alberti F, Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in AIDS patients at the beginning of the millennium. Medicina (B Aires). 2006;66:399–404.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gagneux S, Long CD, Small PM, Van T, Schoolnik GK, Bohannan BJM. The competitive cost of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science. 2006;312:1944–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Luciani F, Sisson SA, Jiang H, Francis AR, Tanaka MM. The epidemiological fitness cost of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:14711–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- O’Sullivan DM, McHugh TD, Gillespie SH. Mapping the fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains: a complex picture. J Med Microbiol. 2010;59:1533–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Comas I, Borrell S, Roetzer A, Rose G, Malla B, Kato-Maeda M, Whole-genome sequencing of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains identifies compensatory mutations in RNA polymerase genes. Nat Genet. 2011;44:106–10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
1Additional members of the National TB Laboratory Network who contributed data are listed at the end of this article.