Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link

Volume 20, Number 10—October 2014

Historical Review

Malaria Control and Elimination,1 Venezuela, 1800s–1970s

Sean M. GriffingComments to Author , Leopoldo Villegas, and Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.M. Griffing, V. Udhayakumar); ICF International, Calverton, Maryland, USA (L. Villegas); Centro de Investigación de Campo Dr. Francesco Vitanza, Bolívar, Venezuela (L. Villegas)

Main Article

Figure 3

Annual malaria cases, by parasite species, Venezuela, 1937–1983. Data for 1949 and earlier are estimates but remaining data are exact (8,17,34).

Figure 3. Annual malaria cases, by Plasmodium species, Venezuela, 1937–1983. Data for 1949 and earlier are estimates but remaining data are exact (8,17,34).

Download

Main Article

References
  1. Gabaldón  A. Malaria eradication in Venezuela: doctrine, practice, and achievements after twenty years. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983;32:203–11 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Gabaldón  A, Berti  AL. The first large area in the tropical zone to report malaria eradication: north-central Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1954;3:793–807 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Gabaldón  A. The nation-wide campaign against malaria in Venezuela. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1949;43:113–64. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Gabaldón  A. The reasons for endemicity and epidemicity: two new measures of interest for malaria metrics [in Spanish]. Tijeretazos Sobre Malaria. 1946;10:156–60.
  5. Sinka  ME, Rubio-Palis  Y, Manguin  S, Patil  AP, Temperley  WH, Gething  PW, The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Americas: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:72.
  6. Bouma  MJ, Dye  C. Cycles of malaria associated with El Niño in Venezuela. JAMA. 1997;278:1772–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Gabaldón  A, Guerrero  L, Balestrini  C, Martin  B, Grossi  R, Maberti  S, An attempt to eradicate malaria by the weekly administration of pyrimethamine in areas of out-of-doors transmission in Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1959;8:433–9 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Pan American Health Organization. Status of malaria programs in the Americas. XXXIX report. Washington (DC). Organization. 1991.
  9. Franco Agudelo  S. Malaria in Latin America [in Spanish]. Guadalajara (Mexico): Editorial Universidad de Guadalajara; 1990.
  10. Botello O. Malaria and other illnesses in Ortiz in the period 1880–1885 [in Spanish] [cited 2013 Apr 4]. http://fuegocotidiano.blogspot.com/2012/09/el-paludismo-y-otros-morbos-en-ortiz-en.html
  11. Rodriguez Memione  V. Sixty years after the application of DDT in the fight against malaria in Venezuela [in Spanish]. Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana de Microbiologia. 2005;25:61.
  12. Martin-Frechilla  JJ. The Venezuelan sanitation authority and the incorporation of physicians exiled from the Spanish Civil War [in Spanish]. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos. 2008;15:519–41. DOIGoogle Scholar
  13. Vincent  G. The Rockefeller Foundation annual report. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation; 1927.
  14. Vincent  G. The Rockefeller Foundation annual report. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation; 1928.
  15. Benarroch  EI. Studies on malaria in Venezuela. Am J Epidemiol. 1931;14:690–3.
  16. Franco-Agudelo  S. The Rockefeller Foundation’s Antimalarial Program in Latin America: donating or dominating? Int J Health Serv. 1983;13:51–67. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Colmenares  GY. The impact of malaria on Venezuela and the organization of the Special Directorate for Malariology in 1936 [in Spanish]. Tribuna de Investigador. 1995;2:16–26.
  18. Gabaldón  L. Outline of public health in Venezuela [in Spanish]. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1941;20:1311.
  19. Gómez  H, Kastner  G, De Pieretti  CV. Assessment of Venezuelan health services from a social development perspective. Soc Sci Med. 1985;21:23–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Congreso. Ley de defensa contra el paludismo. 1936 [cited 2013 Oct 23]. http://docs.venezuela.justia.com/federales/leyes/ley-de-defensa-contra-el-paludismo.pdf
  21. Petralanda  I, Delgado  L. Malaria in Venezuela: stabilization of malaria foci and control of disease outbeaks [in Spanish]. Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. 2005;19:21–9.
  22. Velásquez  A. Theoretical and epidemiological foundations of a pharmacovigilance system in the State of Bolivar, Venezuela [in Spanish]. Revista Peruana de Epidemología. 1996;9:5–7.
  23. Barnard  C. The Rockefeller Foundation annual report. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation; 1951.
  24. Fosdick  R. The Rockefeller Foundation annual report. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation; 1946.
  25. Fosdick  R. The Rockefeller Foundation annual report. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation; 1947.
  26. Packard  RM. The making of a tropical disease: a short history of malaria. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2007.
  27. Barata  RB. Technologic organization of malaria control in São Paulo, Brazil, 1930–1990. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 1998;3:102–10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Litsios  S. Arnoldo Gabaldón’s independent path for malaria control and public health in the tropics: a lost paradigm for WHO. Parassitologia. 1998;40:231–8 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Gabaldón  A. The time required to reach eradication in relation to malaria constitution. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1956;5:966–76 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Gómez Mendoza  I. Report of the journey carried out to observe program use of antimalarials in the campaign for the eradication of malaria in the Republic of Venezuela [in Spanish]. Comision Nacional para la Erradicacion del Paludismo Boletin. 1960;4:74–81.
  31. World Health Organization. Status of malaria eradication during the six months ended 30 June 1965. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 1 April, 1966 [cited 2013 Oct 23]. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/wer/WHO_WER_1966/WER1966_41_157-180%20(N%C2%B013).pdf
  32. WHO Expert Committee on Malaria. Fifteenth report. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1971;467:1–59 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Alberto Restrepo  M, Gutiérrez  E. The frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Colombia. Am J Hum Genet. 1968;20:82–5 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Cáceres  G, Luis  J. Epidemiological situation of malaria in Venezuela: year 2009 [ in Spanish]. Boletin de Malariologia y Salud Ambiental. 2010;50:271–82.
  35. Pan American Health Organization. Status of malaria programs in the Americas. XXXVI report [in Spanish]. Washington (DC). Organization. 1988.
  36. Gabaldón  A, Guia de Perez  G. Mortality from malaria in Venezuela [in Spanish]. Tijeretazos Sobre Malaria. 1946;10:191–237.

Main Article

1During much of the period reported in this paper, the historically accurate term was eradication.

Page created: September 12, 2014
Page updated: September 12, 2014
Page reviewed: September 12, 2014
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external