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Volume 21, Number 7—July 2015
Research

Seroprevalence for Hepatitis E and Other Viral Hepatitides among Diverse Populations, Malawi

Taha E. TahaComments to Author , Laura K. Rusie, Alain Labrique, Mulinda Nyirenda, Dean Soko, Melvin Kamanga, Johnstone Kumwenda, Homayoon Farazadegan, Kenrad Nelson, and Newton Kumwenda
Author affiliations: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (T.E. Taha, L.K. Rusie, A. Labrique, H. Farazadegan, K. Nelson, N. Kumwenda); Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (M. Nyirenda); Johns Hopkins Research Project, Blantyre (D. Soko, M. Kamanga); University of Malawi, Blantyre (J. Kumwenda)

Main Article

Table 4

Crude odds ratios for the association of HBV and HCV with selected exposures in studies of hepatitis prevalence, Malawi, 1989–2009*

Characteristics HBsAg
HCV
OR p value OR p value
Study, period
ICAR, 1989–1995 Reference NA Reference NA
SUCOMA, 1994–1999 0.99 0.97 4.06 0.06
NVAZ, 2000–2003 0.30 0.01 1.94 0.41
MWANZA, 2001 0.57 0.23 3.40 0.13
METRO, 2003–2005 0.46 0.08 2.23 0.31
PEPI, 2004–2009
ND
ND

2.09
0.36
Enrollment year, continuous
1.07
0.06

1.00
0.96
HIV status
HIV-negative Reference NA Reference NA
HIV-positive
0.81
0.43

0.91
0.74
Age, continuous, years
0.99
0.68

1.00
0.79
Age range, y
15–19 Reference NA Reference NA
20–29 1.21 0.70 0.88 0.78
30–39 0.99 0.99 0.79 0.66
40–49 0.76 0.72 0.61 0.49
50–59 1.78 0.52 1.44 0.67
60–69
ND
ND

3.83
0.28
Sex
M Reference NA Reference NA
F
0.59
0.05

0.52
0.02
Setting
Rural Reference NA Reference NA
Urban
0.57
0.04

0.51
0.02
Running water in house
No Reference NA Reference NA
Yes
1.00
1.00

0.74
0.43
Electricity in house
No Reference NA Reference NA
Yes
1.17
0.61

0.46
0.06
Education
None Reference NA Reference NA
Any
0.72
0.50

0.93
0.88
Marital status
Married Reference NA Reference NA
Single
1.90
0.07

0.42
0.15
Employment
Unemployed Reference NA Reference NA
Employed
1.61
0.09

1.45
0.19
Parity (continuous)
0.86
0.20

0.80
0.09
Lifetime sex partners
≤1 Reference NA Reference NA
>1
1.29
0.37

1.19
0.54
History of STIs
Never Reference NA Reference NA
Ever
0.63
0.29

0.79
0.57
Condom use
Never Reference NA Reference NA
Ever
0.75
0.38

0.95
0.88
*HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; OR, odds ratio; ICAR, International Collaborations on AIDS Research; SUCOMA, a study of HIV prevalence among male workers for the Sugar Company of Malawi; NVAZ, a study of efficacy of nevirapine/zidovudinel post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; MWANZA, a study of risk factors associated with prevalent HIV infection in the rural town of Malawi; METRO, a study in which efficacy of intravaginal metronidazole gel in reducing bacterial vaginosis was assessed; PEPI, a study of antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV; NA, not applicable; ND; no data; STI, sexually transmitted infection.

Main Article

Page created: June 12, 2015
Page updated: June 12, 2015
Page reviewed: June 12, 2015
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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