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Volume 23, Number 4—April 2017
Research

Three Divergent Subpopulations of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium knowlesi

Paul C.S. DivisComments to Author , Lee C. Lin, Jeffrine J. Rovie-Ryan, Khamisah A. Kadir, Fread Anderios, Shamilah Hisam, Reuben S.K. Sharma, Balbir Singh, and David J. Conway
Author affiliations: Malaria Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia (P.C.S. Divis, K.A. Kadir, B. Singh, D.J. Conway); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (P.C.S. Divis, D.J. Conway); Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia (L.C. Lin, R.S.K. Sharma); Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (J.J. Rovie-Ryan); Sabah State Public Health Laboratory, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (F. Anderios); Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur (S. Hisam)

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Figure 4

Population genetic structure of combined 751 P. knowlesi infections across Malaysia and 7 laboratory isolates. A) The inference of genetic clusters on complete 10-locus genotype dataset using the STRUCTURE analysis with LOCPRIOR model (22) showed 3 major subpopulation structures (K = 3, ΔK = 98.73), corresponding to those shown in Figure 3. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of isolates. B, C) Using a priori K = 3, individual genotypes were assigned to the most probable subpopulation cluster

Figure 4. Population genetic structure of combined 751 P. knowlesi infections across Malaysia and 7 laboratory isolates. A) The inference of genetic clusters on complete 10-locus genotype dataset using the STRUCTURE analysis with LOCPRIOR model (22) showed 3 major subpopulation structures (K = 3, ΔK = 98.73), corresponding to those shown in Figure 3. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of isolates. B, C) Using a priori K = 3, individual genotypes were assigned to the most probable subpopulation clusters using independent genetic distance matrix inferred by the principal coordinate analysis (B) and discriminant analysis of principal component (DAPC) (C). In DAPC, clusters depicted as ellipses indicated the variance within the clusters and centered by K-means. hm, human; lt, long-tailed macaque; PCo, principal coordinate; pt, pig-tailed macaque.

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Page updated: March 17, 2017
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