Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B Variant Java in Poultry from Europe and Latin America
L. Ricardo Castellanos
1, Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois, Pilar Donado-Godoy, Kees Veldman, Francisco Duarte, María T. Acuña, Claudia Jarquín, François-Xavier Weill, Dik J. Mevius, Jaap A. Wagenaar, Joost Hordijk
2, and Aldert L. Zomer
2
Author affiliations: Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (L.R. Castellanos, L. van der Graaf-van Bloois, D.J. Mevius, J.A. Wagenaar, J. Hordijk, A.L. Zomer); Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria–AGROSAVIA, Cundinamarca, Colombia (P. Donado-Godoy); Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (K. Veldman, D.J. Mevius, J.A. Wagenaar); Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud, Tres Ríos, Costa Rica (F. Duarte, M.T. Acuña); Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala (C. Jarquín); Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (F.-X. Weill)
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Figure 1
Figure 1. Phylogenetic time tree showing the separation between the historical, EU, and LA clades. Gray brackets indicate historical clades; blue brackets, EU clades; orange brackets, LA clades. Tips in the tree are aligned to the year of isolation of the strains. Nodes are dated in the x-axis as estimated by BEAST (43). Arrow indicates the node and year of separation between EU and LA clades around 1987. *Sample from a turkey imported from Israel. †Undefined sample material. ‡Plasmids are indicated when resistance genes and plasmid replicons were found in the same contig. §IncI1/ST12 plasmids encoded CMY-2 only. EU, European; LA, Latin American. Scale bar indicates number of years.
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