Volume 27, Number 3—March 2021
Research
Population-Based Geospatial and Molecular Epidemiologic Study of Tuberculosis Transmission Dynamics, Botswana, 2012–2016
Nicola M. Zetola
, Patrick K. Moonan, Eleanor Click, John E. Oeltmann, Joyce Basotli, Xiao-Jun Wen, Rosanna Boyd, James L. Tobias, Alyssa Finlay1, and Chawangwa Modongo1
, Patrick K. Moonan, Eleanor Click, John E. Oeltmann, Joyce Basotli, Xiao-Jun Wen, Rosanna Boyd, James L. Tobias, Alyssa Finlay1, and Chawangwa Modongo1
Table 1
Characteristics of enrolled patients by geography venues for population-based geospatial and molecular epidemiologic study of tuberculosis transmission dynamics, Botswana, 2012–2016*
| Characteristic | No. (%) patients |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gaborone, n = 2,659 | Ghanzi District, n = 723 | Other, n = 354† | |
| Sex | |||
| M | 1,501 (56.4) | 403 (55.7) | 181 (51.1) |
| F |
1,158 (43.6) |
320 (44.3) |
173 (48.9) |
| Age, y | |||
| <15 | 111 (4.2) | 91 (12.6) | 47 (13.7) |
| 16–24 | 329 (12.4) | 126 (17.5) | 32 (9.0) |
| 25–40 | 1,388 (52.) | 269 (37.3) | 134 (37.9) |
| 41–64 | 760 (28.6) | 185 (25.6) | 113 (31.9) |
| ≥65 |
71 (2.7) |
51 (7.1) |
28 (7.9) |
| Income, Pula | |||
| None | 855 (32.3) | 536 (74.4) | 223 (63.4) |
| <800 | 186 (7.0) | 89 (12.4) | 17 (4.8) |
| 801–1,500 | 646 (24.4) | 53 (7.4) | 21 (6.0) |
| 1,501–2,999 | 479 (18.1) | 23 (3.2) | 39 (11.1) |
| 3,000–4,999 | 225 (8.5) | 9 (1.3) | 21 (6.0) |
| 5,000–9,999 | 184 (7.0) | 8 (1.1) | 18(5.1) |
| >10,000 |
68 (2.6) |
2 (0.3) |
13 (3.7) |
| Resided in high-burden geographic area‡ | 370 (13.9) | 530 (73.3) | NA |
| Excessive alcohol use§ | 661 (24.9) | 230 (31.8) | 51 (14.4) |
| Current smoker | 517 (19.5) | 307 (42.5) | 45 (12.7) |
| Unemployed | 760 (29.8) | 421 (66.6) | 178 (58.0) |
| History of incarceration |
143 (5.4) |
61 (8.4) |
18 (5.1) |
| HIV status | |||
| Positive | 1,706 (66.2) | 259 (37.4) | 221 (63.5) |
| Negative | 872 (30.7) | 434 (60.0) | 127 (35.9) |
| Unknown |
81 (3.1) |
30 (2.6) |
6 (0.6) |
| CD4+ cells/mm3 at diagnosis, if HIV positive | |||
| 0–199 | 436 (44.7) | 62 (30.8) | 83 (54.2) |
| 200–499 | 383 (39.2) | 85 (42.3) | 46 (30.1) |
| ≥500 |
157 (16.1) |
54 (26.9) |
24 (15.7) |
| Previous TB episode | 444 (16.7) | 219 (30.3) | 90 (25.4) |
| Culture positive | 1,449 (68.1) | 435 (78.0) | 125 (47.9) |
| MDR TB at baseline | 27 (1.1) | 14 (2.1) | 17 (5.8) |
*Values are no. (%). MDR TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; NA, not applicable; TB, tuberculosis. †Includes patients with primary residence outside Gaborone and Ghanzi. Missing residential address, n = 595. ‡Residing in a geographic area with an estimated annualized TB incidence >305 patients/100,000 persons. Excludes 407 patients with culture results but no geocoded residence. §Five or more drinks/session or drinking on >5 days/month.
1These senior authors contributed equally to this article.
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