Volume 28, Number 3—March 2022
Research
Higher Viral Stability and Ethanol Resistance of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus on Human Skin
, Takaaki Nakaya, Hajime Miyazaki, Naoto Watanabe, Takuma Yoshida, Tomo Daidoji, Yoshito Itoh, and Hiroshi Ikegaya
Table 4
Results of ex vivo evaluations of disinfectant effectiveness of disinfectants against various subtypes of influenza viruses on the surface of human skin*
| Disinfectant |
log reduction, mean |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H5N1-Ky |
H5N1-Eg |
H7N9 |
H5N3 |
H5N9 |
H3N2 |
H1N1-PR8 |
H1N1-Ok-pdm |
|
| 80% EA | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 |
| 60% EA | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 |
| 40% EA | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 |
| 36% EA | 1.71 | 1.61 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 |
| 34% EA | 1.39 | 1.32 | 2.59 | 2.56 | 2.54 | 2.26 | 2.46 | 2.61 |
| 32% EA | 1.17 | 1.14 | 2.20 | 2.18 | 2.18 | 2.31 | 2.21 | 2.18 |
| 20% EA | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.04 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.65 | 0.83 | 0.82 |
| 70% IPA | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 | >4.00 |
| 0.2% CHG | 1.16 | 1.12 | 0.88 | 1.16 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.05 | 0.94 |
| 1.0% CHG | 2.76 | 2.68 | 3.02 | 2.90 | 2.95 | 2.78 | 2.98 | 2.95 |
| 0.05% BAC | 1.81 | 1.74 | 1.78 | 1.80 | 1.78 | 1.66 | 1.86 | 1.84 |
| 0.2% BAC | 3.10 | 3.02 | 3.26 | 3.12 | 3.09 | 2.73 | 2.98 | 3.16 |
*Reaction time with disinfectant was 15 seconds. Detailed data are presented in Appendix Table 2. Log reduction value was calculated to evaluate disinfectant effectiveness under each condition and was expressed as mean. In addition, the log reduction value of the condition wherein the virus was inactivated below the measurement limit (101 FFUs) was 4 or more and was expressed as >4.00. BAC, benzalkonium chloride; CHG, chlorhexidine gluconate; EA, ethyl alcohol; H5N1-Ky, A/crow/Kyoto/53/04 (H5N1); H5N1-Eg, A/chicken/Egypt/CL6/07 (H5N1); H7N9, A/Anhui/1/23 (H7N9); H5N3, A/Duck/Hong Kong/820/80 (H5N3); H5N9, A/Turkey/Ontario/7732/66 (H5N9); H3N2, Clinical strain (H3N2); H1N1-PR8, A/Puerto Rico /8/1934 (H1N1); H1N1-Ok-pdm, A/Osaka/64/2009 (H1N1); IPA, isopropanol.