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Volume 29, Number 11—November 2023
Research

Risk Factors for Recent HIV Infections among Adults in 14 Countries in Africa Identified by Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Surveys, 2015–2019

Dustin W. CurrieComments to Author , Christine A. West, Hetal K. Patel, Jennifer Favaloro, Fred Asiimwe, Felix Ndagije, Rachel Silver, Owen Mugurungi, Judith Shang, Clement B. Ndongmo, Daniel B. Williams, Edington Dzinotyiweyi, Anthony Waruru, Munyaradzi Pasipamire, Harriet Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, Sindisiwe Dlamini, Natasha McLeod, Eugenie Kayirangwa, Gallican Rwibasira, Peter A. Minchella, Andrew F. Auld, Rose Nyirenda, Yimam Getaneh, Ashenafi Haile Hailemariam, Isabelle Tondoh-Koui, Natacha Kohemun, George S. Mgomella, Prosper Faustine Njau, Wilford L. Kirungi, Ibrahim Dalhatu, Kristen A. Stafford, Stephane M. Bodika, Faith Ussery, Stephen McCracken, Paul Stupp, Kristin Brown, Yen T. Duong, Bharat S. Parekh, and Andrew C. Voetsch
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (D.W. Currie, C.A. West, H.K. Patel, J. Favaloro, R. Silver, S.M. Bodika, F. Ussery, S. McCracken, P. Stupp, K. Brown, B.S. Parekh, A.C. Voetsch); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Maseru, Lesotho (F. Asiimwe); Columbia University, Maseru (F. Ndagije); Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe (O. Mugurungi); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yaoundé, Cameroon (J. Shang, C.B. Ndongmo); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Windhoek, Namibia (D.B. Williams); Republic of Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek (E. Dzinotyiweyi); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya (A. Waruru); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mbabane, Eswatini (M. Pasipamire); Columbia University, Mbabane (H. Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha); Ministry of Health Mbabane, Mbabane (S. Dlamini); Columbia University, New York, New York, USA (N. McLeod, Y.T. Duong); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kigali, Rwanda (E. Kayirangwa); Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health, Kigali (G. Rwibasira); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lusaka, Zambia (P.A. Minchella, A.F. Auld); Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi (R. Nyrenda); Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Y. Getaneh); Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Y. Getaneh); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa (A.H. Hailemariam); Cote d’Ivoire Ministry of Health, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (I. Tondoh-Koui); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abidjan (N. Kohemun); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.S. Mgomella); United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania (P.F. Njau); Republic of Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda (W.L. Kirungi); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria (I. Dalhatu); University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.A. Stafford)

Main Article

Table 3

Description of potential risk factors for HIV infection from data collected inconsistently across Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment surveys among adults in 14 countries in Africa, 2015–2019*

Variable Recent HIV Infections
 HIV negative
 Long-term HIV infections
No. Weighted
 No. Weighted
 p value No. Weighted
 p value
No. % No. % No. %
Previous HIV testing†
Never 29 12,504 13.3 28,497 18,070,566 21.2 0.08 950 12,504 8.7 0.0007
In previous year 120 40,316 42.8 63,272 34,907,993 41.0 4,941 1,852,308 33.3
>12 mo ago
 79
 41,334
 43.9
54,926
 32,071,315
 37.7
9,053
 3,230,533
 58.1
Hazardous drinking‡
Yes 23 6,465 12.3 7,687 3,782,225 10.7 0.61 1,286 464,592 14.8 0.38
No
 115
 46,171
 87.7
53,395
 31,645,051
 89.3
8,038
 2,671,216
 85.2
STD diagnosis§
Yes 7 2,891 10.7 1,239 780,205 4.0 0.02 350 153,294 7.3 0.23
No
 68
 24,249
 89.3
37,007
 18,917,995
 96.0
4,889
 1,939,752
 92.6
STI symptoms¶
Yes 24 14,602 27.0 9,189 7,347,057 14.3 0.007 1,448 790,794 21.6 0.28
No
 81
 39,535
 73.0
59,901
 46,925,388
 85.7
5,602
 2,865,735
 78.4
Victim of sexual violence by partner in previous 12 mo#
Yes 2 869 3.8 424 217,821 1.5 0.17 60 20,445 1.4 0.15
No
 77
 21,816
 96.2
33,334
 14,227,044
 98.5
5,650
 1,422,172
 98.6
VMMC status**
Medical 13 8,262 21.1 31,546 23,295,330 38.2 0.005 976 562,564 26.2 0.004
Traditional 26 16,358 41.7 36,456 26,060,244 42.7 1,028 508,445 23.7
None 36 14,610 37.2 24,119 11,612,109 19.0 2,797 1,073,815 50.1

*STD, sexually transmitted disease; STI, sexually transmitted infection; VMMC, voluntary medical male circumcision. †Excludes Nigeria. ‡Includes Eswatini, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. §Includes Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. ¶Includes Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. #Includes a single participant per household in Cameroon, Cote D’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Eswatini, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. **Men only.

Main Article

Page created: October 02, 2023
Page updated: October 23, 2023
Page reviewed: October 23, 2023
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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