Characteristics of Madariaga and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infections, Panama
Luis Felipe Rivera
1, Carlos Lezcano-Coba
1, Josefrancisco Galué, Xacdiel Rodriguez, Yelissa Juarez, William M. de Souza, Zeuz Capitan-Barrios, Anayansi Valderrama, Leyda Abrego, Hector Cedeño, Carmela Jackman, Jesse J. Waggoner, Patricia V. Aguilar, Hilda Guzman, Scott C. Weaver, Robert B. Tesh, Sandra López-Vèrges, Christl A. Donnelly, Cassia F. Estofolete, Mauricio L. Nogueira, Nuno R. Faria, Nikos Vasilakis, Amy Y. Vittor
2, Darci R. Smith
2 , and Jean-Paul Carrera
2
Author affiliation: Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama (L.F. Rivera, C. Lezcano-Coba, J. Galué, X. Rodriguez, Y. Juarez, A. Valderrama, L. Abrego, S. López-Vèrges, J.-P. Carrera); Carson Centre for Health and Ecosystem Research, La Peñita, Darién, Panama (L.F. Rivera, C. Lezcano-Coba, J. Galué, X. Rodriguez, Y. Juarez, Z. Capitan-Barrios, A. Valderrama, L. Abrego, J.-P. Carrera); Facultad Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (C. Lezcano-Coba); University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (W.M. de Souza); Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá (Z. Capitan-Barrios, L. Abrego); Ministry of Health, Panama City (H. Cedeño, C. Jackman); Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (J.J. Waggoner), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (P.V. Aguilar, H. Guzman, S.C. Weaver, R.B. Tesh, M.L. Nogueira, N. Vasilakis); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (C.A. Donnelly, J.-P. Carrera); Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil (C.F. Estofolete, M.L. Nogueira); Imperial College London, London, UK (N.R. Faria); Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (N.R. Faria); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (A.Y. Vittor); Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (D.R. Smith)
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Figure 4
Figure 4. Heatmap of frequency of signs and symptoms by viral infection in South America used in study of characteristics of MADV and VEEV infections, Panama. Datasets from alphavirus cases in Panama (1961‒2023), and DENV (2009), CHIKV (2015‒2020), and ZIKV (2016) infection cases from Brazil were used to provide more complete symptom data. Gray blocks denote missing data. Neurologic symptoms included seizures, focal sensory or motor deficits, and diminished level of consciousness. CHIKV, chikungunya virus; DENV, dengue virus, MADV, Madariaga virus; VEEV, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; ZIKV, Zika virus.
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