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Volume 30, Number 2—February 2024
Research

Multiple Introductions of Yersinia pestis during Urban Pneumonic Plague Epidemic, Madagascar, 2017

Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanana1, Cyril Savin1, Dawn N. Birdsell1, Amy J. Vogler, Anne-Sophie Le Guern, Soloandry Rahajandraibe, Sylvie Brémont, Soanandrasana Rahelinirina, Jason W. Sahl, Beza Ramasindrazana, Rado Jean Luc Rakotonanahary, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Rindra Randremanana, Viviane Maheriniaina, Vaoary Razafimbia, Aurelia Kwasiborski, Charlotte Balière, Maherisoa Ratsitorahina, Laurence Baril, Paul Keim, Valérie Caro, Voahangy Rasolofo, André Spiegel, Javier Pizarro-Cerda2, David M. Wagner2, and Minoarisoa Rajerison2Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar (V. Andrianaivoarimanana, S. Rahelinirina, B. Ramasindrazana, R.J.L. Rakotonanahary, F. Rakotomanana, R. Randremanana, M. Ratsitorahina, L. Baril, V. Rasolofo, A. Spiegel, M. Rajerison); Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (C. Savin, A.-S. Le Guern, S. Brémont, A. Kwasiborski, C. Balière, V. Caro, J. Pizarro-Cerda); Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA (D.N. Birdsell, A.J. Vogler, J.W. Sahl, P. Keim, D.M. Wagner); Madagascar Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo (S. Rahajandraibe, V. Maheriniaina, V. Razafimbia)

Main Article

Figure 2

Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 90 Yersinia pestis isolates obtained in rural endemic foci from Madagascar during August–November 2017 (boldface) and reference sequences. Tree was created using 483 core-genome SNPs discovered from WGSs and rooted using North American strain CO92. Stars indicate 5 isolates obtained within the urban areas of Antananarivo or Mahajanga. Numbers in yellow circles and squares indicate 20 emergence events from environmental reservoirs (Table 1); yellow squares and rectangles along branches indicate phylogenetic position of SNPs that were queried in Y. pestis sequence data from enriched sputum samples (Appendix 1, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/30/2/23-0759-App1.pdf). Labels for each isolate indicate identification number, year of isolation, host-disease form, and district-commune of isolation; letters on branches and colors of branches indicate known lineages (10). Some known lineages without isolates during August–November 2017 are unlabeled or collapsed. BP, bubonic plague; H, human; F, flea; PP, pneumonic plague; PPP, primary pneumonic plague; R, rat; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; WGS, whole-genome sequencing. An expanded figure is available online (https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/30/2/23-0759-F2.pdf).

Figure 2. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 90 Yersinia pestis isolates obtained in rural endemic foci from Madagascar during August–November 2017 (boldface) and reference sequences. Tree was created using 483 core-genome SNPs discovered from WGSs and rooted using North American strain CO92. Stars indicate 5 isolates obtained within the urban areas of Antananarivo or Mahajanga. Numbers in yellow circles and squares indicate 20 emergence events from environmental reservoirs (Table 1); yellow squares and rectangles along branches indicate phylogenetic position of SNPs that were queried in Y. pestis sequence data from enriched sputum samples (Appendix 1, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/30/2/23-0759-App1.pdf). Labels for each isolate indicate identification number, year of isolation, host-disease form, and district-commune of isolation; letters on branches and colors of branches indicate known lineages (10). Some known lineages without isolates during August–November 2017 are unlabeled or collapsed. BP, bubonic plague; H, human; F, flea; PP, pneumonic plague; PPP, primary pneumonic plague; R, rat; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; WGS, whole-genome sequencing. An expanded figure is available online (https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/30/2/23-0759-F2.pdf).

Main Article

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Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

2These senior authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: December 31, 2023
Page updated: January 24, 2024
Page reviewed: January 24, 2024
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