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Volume 30, Number 9—September 2024
Research

Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022

Dimie OgoinaComments to Author , Mahmmod Muazu Dalhat, Ballah Akawu Denue, Mildred Okowa, Nneka Marian Chika-Igwenyi, Sebastine Oseghae Oiwoh, Ekaete Alice Tobin, Hakeem Abiola Yusuff, Anastacia Okwudili Ojimba, Umenzekwe Chukwudi Christian, John-Tunde Aremu, Simji Samuel Gomerep, Kambai Lalus Habila, Sati Klein Awang, Olukemi Adekanmbi, Michael Iroezindu, Asukwo Onukak, Olanrewaju Falodun, Mogaji Sunday, Simon Mafuka Johnson, Abimbola Olaitan, Chizaram Onyeaghala, Datonye Alasia, Juliet Mmerem, Uche Unigwe, Vivian Kwaghe, Mukhtar Abdulmajid Adeiza, and on behalf of Nigerian Infectious Diseases Society (NIDS) mpox study group1
Author affiliations: Niger Delta University/Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa, Nigeria (D. Ogoina); Infectious Diseases Control Centre, Kaduna State, Nigeria (M.M. Dalhat); University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria (B.A. Denue); Ministry of Health, Asaba, Nigeria (M. Okowa); Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria (N.M. Chika-Igwenyi); Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria (S. Oiwoh, E.A. Tobin); Ministry of Health, Abeokuta, Nigeria (H.A. Yusuff); Federal Medical Centre, Asaba (A.O. Ojimba); Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria. (U.C. Christian); Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe, Nigeria (J.T. Aremu); Jos University Teaching hospital/University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria (S.S. Gomerep); Kaduna State Emergency Medical Services and Ambulance System, Kaduna, Nigeria (K.L. Habila); Modibo Adamawa University Teaching Hospital, Yola, Nigeria (S.K. Awang); University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Adekanmbi); University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria (M. Iroezindu, J Mmerem, U. Unigwe); University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria (A. Onukak); National Hospital Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria (O. Falodun); Federal Medical Centre Ebute-Metta, Lagos, Nigeria (M. Sunday); Federal University Teaching Hospital, Imo, Nigeria (S.M. Johnson); Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria (A. Olaitan); University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria (C. Onyeaghala, D. Alasia); University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagalada, Nigeria (V. Kwaghe); Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria (M.A. Adeiza)

Main Article

Table 2

Demographic characteristics and epidemiologic risk factors for PCR-confirmed mpox among adults during the mpox outbreak, Nigeria, 2022*

Variables No. (%) patients
 Univariate analysis
 Multivariate analysis
Total Mpox-pos Mpox-neg cOR (95% CI) p value† aOR (95% CI) p value†
Age group,
Young adult, 18–35 y 125 (65.1) 88 (64.2) 37 (67.3) 0.87 (0.45–1.70) 0.69 1.36 (0.66– 2.80) 0.409
Older adult, >35 y
 67 (34.9)
 49 (35.8)
 18 (32.7)
Referent
Referent
Sex at birth
M 131 (68.2) 95 (69.3) 36 (65.5) 1.19 (0.61–2.32) 0.601 1.29 (0.59– 2.79) 0.523
F
 61 (31.8)
 42 (30.7)
 19 (34.5)
Referent
Referent
Nonsexual contact with person with suspected mpox
Yes 17 (8.90) 15 (10.9) 2 (3.6) 3.26 (0.72–14.75) 0.158 5.50 (1.12–27.14) 0.036
No
 175 (91.1)
 122 (89.1)
 53 (96.4)
Referent
Referent
Sexual contact with person with suspected mpox
Yes 41 (21.4) 35 (25.5) 6 (10.9) 2.80 (1.10–7.11) 0.025 2.81 (1.01–7.79) 0.048
No
 151 (78.6)
 102 (74.5)
 49 (89.1)
Referent
Referent
Risky sexual behavior‡
Yes 113 (58.9) 90 (65.7) 23 (41.8) 2.66 (1.40–5.06) 0.002 2.808 (1.40–5.3) 0.004
No
 79 (41.1)
 47 (34.3)
 32 (58.2)
Referent
Referent
Animal exposure
Yes 36 (18.8) 30 (21.9) 6 (10.9) 2.29 (0.89–5.86) 0.078 1.79 (0.66–4.88) 0.255
No
 156 (81.2)
 107 (78.1)
 49 (89.1)
Referent
Referent
Local travel
Yes 33 (17.2) 27 (19.7) 6 (10.9) 2.00 (0.78–5.17) 0.144 1.74 (0.64–4.72) 0.28
No
 159 (82.8)
 110 (80.3)
 49 (89.1)
Referent
Referent
Residence
Urban/semi-urban 170 (88.5) 122 (89.1) 48 (87.3) 1.19 (0.46–3.09) 0.727
Rural
 22 (11.5)
 15 (10.9)
 7 (12.7)
Referent
Married
Ever 95 (49.5) 70 (51.1) 25 (45.5) 1.25 (0.67–2.35) 0.48
Never
 97 (50.5)
 67 (48.9)
 30 (54.5)
Referent
Education
None 25 (13.0) 21 (15.3) 4 (7.3) Referent
Primary 8 (4.20) 5 (3.60) 3 (5.5) 0.32 (0.05–1.90) 0.21
Secondary 54 (28.1) 34 (24.8) 20 (36.4) 0.32 (0.10–1.08) 0.07
Tertiary
 105 (54.7)
 77 (56.2)
 28 (50.9)
0.53 (0.17–1.66)
 0.27
International travel
Yes 3 (1.60) 1 (0.70) 2 (3.6) 0.19 (0.02–2.19) 0.198§
No
 189 (98.4)
 136 (99.3)
 53 (96.4)
Referent
Close contact with confirmed mpox
Yes 33 (17.2) 29 (21.2) 4 (7.3) 3.42 (1.14–10.26) 0.021
No
 159 (82.8)
 108 (78.8)
 51 (92.7)
Referent
GBMSM
No 146 (76.0) 107 (78.1) 39 (70.9) Referent
Yes 15 (7.80) 12 (8.80) 3 (5.5) 1.46 (0.39–5.44) 0.575
  Unknown
 31 (16.1)
 18 (13.1)
 13 (23.6)
0.51 (0.23–1.13)
 0.095
Care of person with suspected mpox
Yes 5 (2.60) 4 (2.90) 1 (1.8) 1.02 (0.18–14.86) 0.999§
No
 187 (97.4)
 133 (97.1)
 54 (98.2)
Referent
Prior smallpox vaccine
Yes 13 (6.80) 9 (6.60) 4 (7.3) 0.90 (0.26–3.04) 0.999§
No
 179 (93.2)
 128 (93.4)
 51 (92.7)
Referent
Comorbidities¶
Yes 13 (6.80) 10 (7.30) 3 (5.5) 0.87 (0.23–3.30) 0.761§
No
 179 (93.2)
 127 (92.7)
 52 (94.5)
Referent
HIV status#
Positive 26 (18.3) 24 (22.4) 2 (5.7) 4.71 (1.07–21.34) 0.026
Negative
 116 (81.7)
 83 (77.6)
 33 (94.3)
Referent
VZV status
Positive 62 (36.0) 40 (31.0) 22 (51.2) 0.43 (0.21–0.87) 0.017
Negative 110 (64.0) 89 (69.0) 21 (48.8) Referent

*Boldface indicates statistical significance, Empty cells indicate not applicable. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; cOR, crude odds ratio; GBMSM, gay and bisexual and men who have sex with men; neg, negative; pos, positive; VZV, varicella zoster virus. †p values determined by χ2 tests except as indicated. ‡Risky sexual behavior is defined as >1 of the following in the 3 mo before illness onset: condomless casual sex; multiple sexual partners (>2 more concurrent sex partners); treatment for sexually transmitted infections; transactional sex (payment for sex); sex with a sex worker. §Fisher exact test. ¶Comorbidities include type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and sickle cell disease. #Some HIV and VZV status data were missing.

Main Article

1Additional members of the NIDS study group Nigeria who are co-authors and contributed data to this work are listed at the end of this article.

Page created: July 30, 2024
Page updated: August 22, 2024
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