Volume 30, Number 9—September 2024
Research
Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022
Dimie Ogoina
, Mahmmod Muazu Dalhat, Ballah Akawu Denue, Mildred Okowa, Nneka Marian Chika-Igwenyi, Sebastine Oseghae Oiwoh, Ekaete Alice Tobin, Hakeem Abiola Yusuff, Anastacia Okwudili Ojimba, Umenzekwe Chukwudi Christian, John-Tunde Aremu, Simji Samuel Gomerep, Kambai Lalus Habila, Sati Klein Awang, Olukemi Adekanmbi, Michael Iroezindu, Asukwo Onukak, Olanrewaju Falodun, Mogaji Sunday, Simon Mafuka Johnson, Abimbola Olaitan, Chizaram Onyeaghala, Datonye Alasia, Juliet Mmerem, Uche Unigwe, Vivian Kwaghe, Mukhtar Abdulmajid Adeiza, and on behalf of Nigerian Infectious Diseases Society (NIDS) mpox study group1
, Mahmmod Muazu Dalhat, Ballah Akawu Denue, Mildred Okowa, Nneka Marian Chika-Igwenyi, Sebastine Oseghae Oiwoh, Ekaete Alice Tobin, Hakeem Abiola Yusuff, Anastacia Okwudili Ojimba, Umenzekwe Chukwudi Christian, John-Tunde Aremu, Simji Samuel Gomerep, Kambai Lalus Habila, Sati Klein Awang, Olukemi Adekanmbi, Michael Iroezindu, Asukwo Onukak, Olanrewaju Falodun, Mogaji Sunday, Simon Mafuka Johnson, Abimbola Olaitan, Chizaram Onyeaghala, Datonye Alasia, Juliet Mmerem, Uche Unigwe, Vivian Kwaghe, Mukhtar Abdulmajid Adeiza, and on behalf of Nigerian Infectious Diseases Society (NIDS) mpox study group1
Table 1
Demographic characteristics and epidemiologic risk factors for PCR-confirmed mpox among adults and children during mpox outbreak, Nigeria, 2022*
| Study variable | No. (%) patients |
Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Mpox-pos | Mpox-neg | cOR (95% CI) | p value† | aOR (95% CI) | p value† | |||
| Age group | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Child, <18 y | 73 (27.5) | 26 (16.0) | 47 (46.1) | Referent | Referent | ||||
| Young adult, 18–35 y | 125 (47.2) | 88 (54.0) | 37 (36.3) | 4.30 (2.33–7.94) | <0.0001 | 3.93 (2.06–7.50) | <0.0000 | ||
| Older adult, >35 y |
67 (25.3) |
49 (30.0) |
18 (17.6) |
4.92 (2.39–10.13) |
<0.0001 |
4.75 (2.23–10.13) |
<0.0001 |
||
| Sex at birth | |||||||||
| M | 174 (65.7) | 112 (68.7) | 62 (60.8) | 1.42 (0.84–2.38) | 0.186 | 1.38 (0.77–2.48) | 0.284 | ||
| F |
91 (34.3) |
51 (31.3) |
40 (39.2) |
Referent |
Referent |
||||
| Local travel | |||||||||
| Yes | 34 (12.8) | 28 (17.2) | 6 (5.9) | 3.32 (1.32–8.33) | 0.007 | 2.02 (0.76–5.34) | 0.158 | ||
| No |
231 (87.2) |
135 (82.8) |
96 (94.1) |
Referent |
Referent |
||||
| Close contact with person with confirmed mpox | |||||||||
| Yes | 46 (17.4) | 36 (22.1) | 10 (9.8) | 2.61 (1.21–5.52) | 0.010 | 2.96 (1.26–6.96) | 0.013 | ||
| No |
219 (82.6) |
127 (77.9) |
92 (90.2) |
Referent |
Referent |
||||
| Prior animal exposure | |||||||||
| Yes | 43 (16.2) | 35 (21.5) | 8 (7.8) | 3.21 (1.30–7.24) | 0.003 | 2.35 (0.97–5.66) | 0.058 | ||
| No |
222 (83.8) |
128 (78.5) |
94 (92.2) |
Referent |
Referent |
||||
| Residence | |||||||||
| Urban/semi-urban | 231 (87.2) | 143 (87.7) | 88 (86.3) | 1.14 (0.55–2.37) | 0.73 | ||||
| Rural |
34 (12.8) |
20 (12.3) |
14 (13.7) |
Referent |
|||||
| Married‡ | |||||||||
| Ever | 95 (49.5) | 70 (51.1) | 25 (45.5) | 1.25 (0.67–2.35) | 0.48 | ||||
| Never |
97 (50.5) |
67 (48.9) |
30 (54.5) |
Referent |
|||||
| Education | |||||||||
| None | 59 (22.3) | 35 (21.5) | 24 (41.4) | Referent | |||||
| Primary | 32 (12.1) | 12 (7.4) | 20 (34.5) | 0.41 (0.17–0.99) | 0.003 | ||||
| Secondary | 68 (25.7) | 39 (23.9) | 29 (50) | 0.92 (0.45–1.87) | |||||
| Tertiary |
106 (40.0) |
77 (47.2) |
29 (50) |
1.82 (0.93–3.57) |
|||||
| International travel | |||||||||
| Yes | 3 (1.1) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (2) | 0.31 (0.03–3.45) | 0.561§ | ||||
| No |
262 (98.9) |
162 (99.4) |
100 (98) |
Referent |
|||||
| Close contact with person with suspected mpox | |||||||||
| Yes | 78 (29.4) | 59 (36.2) | 19 (18.6) | 2.48 (1.37–4.48) | 0.002 | ||||
| No |
187 (70.6) |
104 (63.8) |
83 (81.4) |
Referent |
|||||
| Care of person with suspected mpox | |||||||||
| Yes | 5 (1.9) | 4 (2.5) | 1 (1) | 2.54 (0.28–23.06) | 0.652§ | ||||
| No |
260 (98.1) |
159 (97.5) |
101 (99) |
Referent |
|||||
| Prior smallpox vaccine | |||||||||
| Yes | 13 (4.9) | 9 (5.5) | 4 (3.9) | 1.43 (0.43–4.79) | 0.557 | ||||
| No |
252 (95.1) |
154 (94.5) |
98 (96.1) |
Referent |
|||||
| Past chickenpox¶ | |||||||||
| Yes | 23 (16.6) | 16 (17.4) | 7 (12.7) | 1.44 (0.55–3.77) | 0.451 | ||||
| No |
124 (84.4) |
76 (82.6) |
48 (87.3) |
Referent |
|||||
| HIV-status¶ | |||||||||
| Positive | 26 (12.2) | 24 (18.0) | 2 (2.5) | 8.59 (1.97–37.4) | 0.001 | ||||
| Negative |
187 (87.8) |
109 (82.0) |
78 (97.5) |
Referent |
|||||
| VZV status¶ | |||||||||
| Positive | 86 (36.4) | 55 (35.9) | 31 (37.3) | 0.94 (0.54–1.64) | 0.831 | ||||
| Negative |
150 (63.6) |
98 (64.1) |
52 (62.7) |
Referent |
|||||
| Other comorbidities# | |||||||||
| Yes | 13 (4.9) | 10 (6.1) | 3 (2.9) | 2.16 (0.58–8.03) | 0.241 | ||||
| No | 252 (95.1) | 153 (93.9) | 99 (97.1) | Referent | |||||
*Boldface indicates statistical significance. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; cOR, crude odd ratio; neg, negative; pos, positive; VZV, varicella zoster virus. †p values determined by χ2 tests except as indicated. ‡Marital status data included adults only. §Fisher exact test. ¶Some past chickenpox, VZV, and HIV status data were missing. #Other comorbidities include type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and sickle cell disease.
1Additional members of the NIDS study group Nigeria who are co-authors and contributed data to this work are listed at the end of this article.
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