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Volume 31, Number 10—October 2025

Research

Effect of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines on Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Ferrets

Xiangjie Sun1, Jeeva Subbiah1, Jessica A. Belser, Nicole Brock, Shane Gansebom, Zhu-Nan Li, Yu-Jin Jung, Feng Liu, Terrence M. Tumpey, Taronna R. Maines, Min Z. Levine, and Ian A. YorkComments to Author 
Author affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (X. Sun, J.A. Belser, N. Brock, Z.-N. Li, Y.-J. Jung, F. Liu, T.M. Tumpey, T.R. Maines, M.Z. Levine, I.A. York); Salt Tribe Incorporated-Federal/Cherokee Nation Operational Solutions, Atlanta (J. Subbiah, S. Gansebom)

Main Article

Table 1

Serologic response to vaccination in ferrets in study of the effect of seasonal human influenza vaccination on pathogenesis of human influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in the ferret model*

Vaccine group IAV lineage Vaccine strain Prechallenge HAI GMT Prechallenge ELLA GMT
LAIV A(H1N1)pdm09 NO/22 806 (606–1074) 320 (236–434)
A(H3N2) TH/22 718 (573–901) 71 (54–95)
A(H5N1) NA <10 <10
RIV A(H1N1)pdm09 WV/22 905 (668–1227) <10
A(H3N2) MA/22 202 (128–317) <10
A(H5N1) NA <10 <10
IIV3 A(H1N1)pdm09 VIC/22 45 (30–68) <10
A(H3N2) TH/22 <10 <10
A(H5N1) NA <10 18.8 (13.0–27.3)
MOCK A(H1N1)pdm09 NA <10 <10
A(H3N2) NA <10 <10
A(H5N1) NA <10 <10

*Values in parentheses are 95% CIs. n = 6 ferrets per vaccine group, n = 12 ferrets in the mock group. The vaccines contained antigens recommended for the 2024–25 Northern Hemisphere influenza season. ELLA, enzyme-linked lectin assay; GMT, geometric mean titer; HAI, hemagglutination inhibition assay; IAV, influenza A virus; IIV3, Fluarix trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, https://www.gsk.com); LAIV, FluMist live attenuated influenza vaccine (AstraZeneca, https://www.astrazeneca.com); MA/22, A/Massachusetts/18/2022 A(H3N2); NA, not available; NO/22, A/Norway/31694/2022 A(H1N1)pdm09; RIV, Flublok vaccine (Sanofi, https://www.sanofi.com); TH/22, A/Thailand/8/2022 A(H3N2); WV/22, A/West Virginia/30/2022 A(H1N1)pdm09; VIC/22, A/Victoria/4897/2022 A(H1N1)pdm09.

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: August 19, 2025
Page updated: September 25, 2025
Page reviewed: September 25, 2025
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