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Volume 31, Number 6—June 2025

Research

Force of Infection Model for Estimating Time to Dengue Virus Seropositivity among Expatriate Populations, Thailand

Erica Rapheal, Amornphat Kitro, Hisham Imad, Marco Hamins-Peurtolas, Jutarmas Olanwijitwong, Lapakorn Chatapat, Taweewun Hunsawong, Kathryn Anderson1Comments to Author , and Watcharapong Piyaphanee1
Author affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA (E. Rapheal); Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand (A. Kitro); Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (H. Imad, J. Olanwijitwong, L. Chatapat, W. Piyaphanee); Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H. Imad); University of California, San Francisco, California, USA (M. Hamins-Peurolas); US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok (T. Hunsawong); SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA (K. Anderson)

Main Article

Table 2

Descriptive statistics of 235 expatriate participants in study of force of infection model for estimating time to DENV seropositivity among expatriate populations, Thailand*

Characteristic Total, n = 235 DENV-negative, n = 164 DENV-positive, n = 71 p value
Median time in DEA (range), y 7 (1–53) 7 (1–37) 10 (1–53) 0.02†
Median age (range), y 66 (23–94) 65 (23–88) 68 (27–94) 0.16†
Median time unexposed (range), y 54 (21–78) 53 (21–78) 54 (23–75) 0.94†
Average time outside daily (range), h
 5.0 (0.0–24.0)
 6.0 (0.0–24.0)
 4.5 (0.0–16.0)
 0.21†
Sex 0.75‡
M 186 (84) 129 (84) 57 (83)
F
 36 (16)
 24 (16)
 12 (17)
Married to person from Southeast Asia 0.91‡
Yes 64 (27) 45 (27) 19 (27)
No
 171 (73)
 119 (73)
 52 (73)
Employment status 0.45‡
Employed 50 (25) 36 (26) 14 (21)
Unemployed/retired
 185 (75)
 128 (74)
 57 (79)
Living setting 0.084‡
Urban 197 (84) 133 (81) 64 (90)
Nonurban
 38 (16)
 31 (19)
 7 (10)
Mosquito repellent 0.68‡
Frequent 56 (24) 38 (23) 18 (26)
Infrequent
 179 (76)
 126 (77)
 53 (74)
Long sleeves 0.2‡
Frequent 112 (48) 83 (51) 29 (41)
Infrequent
 123 (52)
 81 (49)
 42 (59)
Window screens 0.8‡
Frequent 94 (40) 65 (40) 29 (41)
Infrequent
 141 (60)
 99 (60)
 42 (59)
Mosquito nets 0.83‡
Frequent 72 (31) 50 (30) 22 (32)
Infrequent
 163 (69)
 114 (70)
 49 (68)
Air conditioning 0.36‡
Frequent 94 (40) 69 (42) 25 (36)
Infrequent 141 (60) 95 (58) 46 (64)

*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. DEA, dengue-endemic area; DENV, dengue virus. †By Wilcoxon rank-sum test. ‡By Pearson χ2 test.

Main Article

1These last authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: April 16, 2025
Page updated: May 27, 2025
Page reviewed: May 27, 2025
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