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Volume 31, Number 8—August 2025

Research

Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) and A(H5N6) Viruses in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2023–2024

Ye-Ram Seo1, Andrew Y. Cho1, Dong-Ju Kim1, Young-Jae Si, Hye-sung Jeong, Su-woong Lee, Chang-Seon Song, and Dong-Hun LeeComments to Author 
Author affiliation: Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (Y.-R. Seo, A.Y. Cho, C.-S. Song, D.-H. Lee); National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju, South Korea (D.-J. Kim, Y.-J. Si, H.-S. Jeong, S.-W Lee)

Main Article

Figure 2

Discrete phylogeographic reconstruction of diffusion dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in wild birds, East Asia, 2023–2024. A) Maximum clade credibility tree constructed by using the hemagglutinin gene of H5N1 viruses. Each branch is colored according to the geographic location. GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org) accession numbers are shown. Scale bar shows years of detection in decimal year format. B) Visualization of transmission dynamics inferred by using the geographic location trait of countries adjacent to South Korea. Arrows represent the direction of the viral transmission; annotated values along arrows represent Bayes factors. Thick arrows indicate strongly supported routes (Bayes factor >20, posterior probability >0.8). Maps provided by d-maps.com (https://d-maps.com).

Figure 2. Discrete phylogeographic reconstruction of diffusion dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in wild birds, East Asia, 2023–2024. A) Maximum clade credibility tree constructed by using the hemagglutinin gene of H5N1 viruses. Each branch is colored according to the geographic location. GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org) accession numbers are shown. Scale bar shows years of detection in decimal year format. B) Visualization of transmission dynamics inferred by using the geographic location trait of countries adjacent to South Korea. Arrows represent the direction of the viral transmission; annotated values along arrows represent Bayes factors. Thick arrows indicate strongly supported routes (Bayes factor >20, posterior probability >0.8). Maps provided by d-maps.com (https://d-maps.com).

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

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