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Volume 32, Number 1—January 2026

Dispatch

Presence or Emergence of Canine Leishmaniasis, Malawi

Boniface Chikufenji, Kyoko HayashidaComments to Author , Yasuyuki Goto, Tatsuki Sugi, Chizu Sanjoba, Chrispin Njala, Inga McDermott, Frederic Lohr, Dagmar Mayer, Shohei Ogata, Masahiro Kajihara, Naganori Nao, Ryo Nakao, Laston Chimaliro, Donales Kapira, Janelisa Musaya, Junya Yamagishi, and Elisha Chatanga
Author affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi (B. Chikufenji); Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (B. Chikufenji, K. Hayashida, T. Sugi, S. Ogata, M. Kajihara, N. Nao, R. Nakao, L. Chimaliro, J. Yamagishi); University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (K. Hayashida, S. Ogata, M. Kajihara); University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y. Goto, C. Sanjoba); Mission Rabies Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi (C. Njala, I. McDermott, F. Lohr, D. Mayer); Malawi–Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre (D. Kapira, J. Musaya); Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe (E. Chatanga)

Main Article

Figure 2

Scatterplots showing ELISA OD values for LdSLA and rK39r4 in indigenous dogs from Mchinji, Nkhotakota, and Zomba districts in a study of canine leishmaniasis, Malawi (Zomba, 300 samples; Mchinji, 140 samples; and Nkhotakota, 98 samples). Red indicates PCR-positive samples. Identification numbers of the dogs that exhibited clear clinical manifestations are also shown, corresponding to numbers in Figure 1. Plots were generated by using R studio software version 4.4.1 (https://rstudio.com/products/rstudio). Cutoff OD values (0.4 for LdSLA, vertical dashed line; 0.7 for rK39r4, horizontal dotted line) were determined as mean of the healthy endemic control dogs plus 5 SDs. LdSLA, Leishmania donovani soluble lysate antigen from cultured promastigotes; OD, optical density; rK39r4, recombinant rK39r4 antigen.

Figure 2. Scatterplots showing ELISA OD values for LdSLA and rK39r4 in indigenous dogs from Mchinji, Nkhotakota, and Zomba districts in a study of canine leishmaniasis, Malawi (Zomba, 300 samples; Mchinji, 140 samples; and Nkhotakota, 98 samples). Red indicates PCR-positive samples. Identification numbers of the dogs that exhibited clear clinical manifestations are also shown, corresponding to numbers in Figure 1. Plots were generated by using R studio software version 4.4.1 (https://rstudio.com/products/rstudio). Cutoff OD values (0.4 for LdSLA, vertical dashed line; 0.7 for rK39r4, horizontal dotted line) were determined as mean of the healthy endemic control dogs plus 5 SDs. LdSLA, Leishmania donovani soluble lysate antigen from cultured promastigotes; OD, optical density; rK39r4, recombinant rK39r4 antigen.

Main Article

Page created: December 31, 2025
Page updated: January 29, 2026
Page reviewed: January 29, 2026
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