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Volume 32, Number 11—November 2026

Dispatch

Differentiating Avian and Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Wastewater by Digital PCR

Valentina Paracchini, Mauro Petrillo, Francisco Mayo Leon, Gerhard Buttinger, Sabrina Marciano, Marika Crimaudo, Calogero Terregino, Carolina Veneri, Giuseppina La Rosa, Elisabetta Suffredini, Clementina Cocuzza, Bernd M. Gawlik, Tobias Wiesenthal, Ursula Vincent, Valentina Panzarin, and Antonio MarchiniComments to Author 
Author affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Geel, Belgium (V. Paracchini, F.M. Leon, G. Buttinger, U. Vincent); Seidor Italy Srl., Milan, Italy (M. Petrillo); Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (S. Marciano, M. Crimaudo, C. Terregino, V. Panzarin); Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy (C. Veneri, G. La Rosa, E. Suffredini); University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (C. Cocuzza); European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy (B.M. Gawlik, T. Wiesenthal, A. Marchini)

Main Article

Figure 1

In silico comparative analysis of wastewater assays used to detect avian and seasonal influenza viruses in wastewater. A) Predicted detection of HA gene sequences from LPAI viruses, HPAI viruses other than clade 2.3.4.4b, and HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b viruses by the Wolfe-HA (13), CDC-HA (14,15), and JRC-HA (12) assays. Bars indicate the percentage of sequences predicted to yield positive results. Inset box represents enlarged results for LPAI. B) Predicted detection of MP gene sequences from LPAI viruses, HPAI viruses other than clade 2.3.4.4b, and HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b viruses by the Wolfe-MP (13), and JRC-MP (12) assays. Bars indicate the percentage of sequences predicted to yield positive results. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HPAI, highly pathogenic avian influenza; HA, hemagglutinin; JRC, Joint Research Centre; LPAI, low pathogenicity avian influenza; MP, matrix protein.

Figure 1. In silico comparative analysis of wastewater assays used to detect avian and seasonal influenza viruses in wastewater. A) Predicted detection of HA gene sequences from LPAI viruses, HPAI viruses other than clade 2.3.4.4b, and HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b viruses by the Wolfe-HA (13), CDC-HA (14,15), and JRC-HA (12) assays. Bars indicate the percentage of sequences predicted to yield positive results. Inset box represents enlarged results for LPAI. B) Predicted detection of MP gene sequences from LPAI viruses, HPAI viruses other than clade 2.3.4.4b, and HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b viruses by the Wolfe-MP (13), and JRC-MP (12) assays. Bars indicate the percentage of sequences predicted to yield positive results. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HPAI, highly pathogenic avian influenza; HA, hemagglutinin; JRC, Joint Research Centre; LPAI, low pathogenicity avian influenza; MP, matrix protein.

Main Article

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