Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link

Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 32, Number 11—November 2026

Dispatch

Differentiating Avian and Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Wastewater by Digital PCR

Valentina Paracchini, Mauro Petrillo, Francisco Mayo Leon, Gerhard Buttinger, Sabrina Marciano, Marika Crimaudo, Calogero Terregino, Carolina Veneri, Giuseppina La Rosa, Elisabetta Suffredini, Clementina Cocuzza, Bernd M. Gawlik, Tobias Wiesenthal, Ursula Vincent, Valentina Panzarin, and Antonio MarchiniComments to Author 
Author affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Geel, Belgium (V. Paracchini, F.M. Leon, G. Buttinger, U. Vincent); Seidor Italy Srl., Milan, Italy (M. Petrillo); Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy (S. Marciano, M. Crimaudo, C. Terregino, V. Panzarin); Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy (C. Veneri, G. La Rosa, E. Suffredini); University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (C. Cocuzza); European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy (B.M. Gawlik, T. Wiesenthal, A. Marchini)

Main Article

Figure 3

Detection of influenza A and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in simulated wastewater samples by using reverse transcription digital PCR. A) Copy numbers of influenza A virus in wastewater samples negative for both avian and human influenza A spiked with 10 or 20 copies/µL of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus. B) Copy number of influenza A virus in wastewater samples negative for both avian and human influenza A spiked with 10 or 20 copies/µL of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus and 35 copies/µL of human influenza A virus. C) Copy number of influenza A virus in wastewater samples negative for both avian and human influenza A spiked with 10 or 20 copies/µL of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus and 3,500 copies/µL of human influenza A virus. Error bars indicate the mean value + SD. Statistical significance was determined by using t-test. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HA, hemagglutinin; JRC, Joint Research Centre; MP, matrix protein; NS, not significant;

Figure 3. Detection of influenza A and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in simulated wastewater samples by using reverse transcription digital PCR. A) Copy numbers of influenza A virus in wastewater samples negative for both avian and human influenza A spiked with 10 or 20 copies/µL of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus. B) Copy number of influenza A virus in wastewater samples negative for both avian and human influenza A spiked with 10 or 20 copies/µL of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus and 35 copies/µL of human influenza A virus. C) Copy number of influenza A virus in wastewater samples negative for both avian and human influenza A spiked with 10 or 20 copies/µL of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus and 3,500 copies/µL of human influenza A virus. Error bars indicate the mean value + SD. Statistical significance was determined by using t-test. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HA, hemagglutinin; JRC, Joint Research Centre; MP, matrix protein; NS, not significant;

Main Article

Page created: September 24, 2026
Page updated: October 15, 2026
Page reviewed: October 15, 2026
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external