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Volume 32, Supplement –Summer 2026

SUPPLEMENT ISSUE
Supplement

Correlations between Wastewater Concentrations of Influenza A and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses and Clinical Laboratory Testing and Hospitalization Data, California, USA

Elisabeth BurnorComments to Author , Madhura S. Rane, Marisa A.P. Donnelly, Lauren A. White, Cora Hoover, Monica Sun, Caroline Collins, Andrew Abram, Mariah Otstot, Joel Rojas, Cody Berkobien, Seema Jain, Duc J. Vugia, Wayne T.A. Enanoria, Linlin Li, Chad Below, Marlene Wolfe, Alexandria B. Boehm, Tomás M. León, Erin L. Murray, and Alexander T. Yu
Author affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA (E. Burnor, M.S. Rane, M.A.P. Donnelly, L.A. White, C. Hoover, M. Sun, C. Collins, A. Abram, M. Otstot, J. Rojas, C. Berkobien, S. Jain, D.J. Vugia, T.M. León, E.L. Murray, A.T. Yu); County of Santa Clara Public Health Department, San Jose, California, USA (W.T.A. Enanoria, L. Li); San Mateo County Health, San Mateo, California, USA (C. Below); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (M. Wolfe); Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA (A.B. Boehm)

Main Article

Table 3

Kendall τ correlations between wastewater RSV concentrations sentinel laboratory testing, California*

County % RSV positivity
 No. RSV-positive specimens
Overall* Maximum lag (range)† Overall* Maximum lag (range)†
Alameda 0.45 0.65 (16 to >35) 0.64 0.7 (–4 to 18)
Contra Costa 0.46 0.63 (19 to >35) 0.75 0.77 (–2 to 16)
Marin 0.44 0.63 (12 to >35) 0.57 0.65 (2–23)
Sacramento 0.57 0.66 (4 to >35) 0.78 0.82 (–1 to 16)
San Francisco 0.58 0.72 (10 to >35) 0.73 0.75 (–8 to 18)
San Mateo 0.5 0.63 (4–31) 0.7 0.74 (–4 to 10)
Santa Clara 0.42 0.64 (18 to >35) 0.75 0.77 (–5 to 22)
Santa Cruz 0.39 0.48 (1–32) 0.48 0.57 (1–24)
Sonoma 0.4 0.54 (16 to >35) 0.69 0.74 (–2 to 26)
Yolo 0.4 0.64 (28 to >35) 0.48 0.58 (9–34)

*Overall correlations represent Kendall τ correlation coefficients for the indicated datasets, calculated over the entire study period with no lags. Maximum lag correlations represent the maximum Kendall τ correlation coefficients for the indicated datasets when comparing lagged clinical datasets to wastewater datasets, including lags of –35 to 35 days. The range of maximum lagged τ (days) represents the range of days around a date of the maximum lagged correlation in which the lagged correlation coefficient is within 0.05 of the maximum τ value. The negative direction indicates that wastewater data is leading clinical data, and the positive direction indicates that wastewater data is lagging clinical data. RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.

Main Article

Page created: July 16, 2026
Page updated: September 15, 2026
Page reviewed: September 15, 2026
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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